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© 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Vitamin K1 (VitK1) and Vitamin K2 (VitK2), two important naturally occurring micronutrients in the VitK family, found, respectively, in green leafy plants and algae (VitK1) and animal and fermented foods (VitK2). The present review explores the multiple biological functions of VitK2 from recently published in vitro and in vivo studies, including promotion of osteogenesis, prevention of calcification, relief of menopausal symptoms, enhancement of mitochondrial energy release, hepato- and neuro-protective effects, and possible use in treatment of coronavirus disease. The mechanisms of action associated with these biological effects are also explored. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that VitK, especially VitK2, is an important nutrient family for the normal functioning of human health. It acts on almost all major body systems and directly or indirectly participates in and regulates hundreds of physiological or pathological processes. However, as biological and clinical data are still inconsistent and conflicting, more in-depth investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential as a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat a range of disease conditions.

Details

Title
The biological responses of vitamin K2: A comprehensive review
Author
Quanxiang Yan 1 ; Zhang, Tao 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; O'Connor, Christine 3 ; Barlow, James W 4 ; Walsh, John 5 ; Scalabrino, Gaia 6 ; Xu, Feng 7 ; Sheridan, Helen 5 

 Institute of Science and Technology, Shenyang Open University, Shenyang, China 
 School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland; NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland 
 School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland 
 Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland 
 NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland 
 NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland 
 The Centre of Vitamin K2 Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China 
Pages
1634-1656
Section
REVIEWS
Publication year
2023
Publication date
Apr 2023
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
e-ISSN
20487177
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2798757992
Copyright
© 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.