1. Introduction
Derived from chitin, chitosan is a polysaccharide produced from the skeletons of crustaceans or the walls of fungi [1]. Chitin (β-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) is abundantly available, however, its application is less favored due to its hydrophobic nature [2]. Pure chitin is translucent, resilient, and tough. Chitin exists in the α and β allomorphs. α-Chitin is compact with strong hydrogen bonding while β-chitin has weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Chitin, which is white and hard, can be obtained naturally as ordered crystalline microfibrils. Through deacetylation, chitosan, which is a β-1,4-D-glucosamine, can be derived from chitin, an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [3,4]. Since chitosan is obtained from renewable resources, it is biodegradable with a low toxicity. The United States, Europe, Korea, and Japan have granted approval for the use of chitosan for consumption [5]. Moreover, when the amino groups in chitosan undergo protonation, chitosan becomes cationic and hydrophilic in an acidic aqueous solution, which is of great interest for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications [6]. This is contributed by the presence of a free amino group in chitosan, which is absent in chitin. Chitosan is easily available and relatively cheap with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of chemical modification.
Chitosan has a high degree of deacetylation (DD), which is normally above 40%. Hence, its solubility, crystallinity, and antimicrobial activity can be modified through its reactive sites such as the hydroxy (-OH) and amino (NH2) groups to suit various applications [7]. Chitosan, with amino acid modification, is biocompatible for wound healing and tissue generation [8,9]. Chitosan can also be modified for antibacterial and antifungal properties to inhibit the growth of E. coli and B. cinerea [10]. Chitosan-based sprays and aerogels provide a significant reduction in bacterial growth and are good for food packaging [11,12]. Amino acid-modified chitosan with folic acid is also hemocompatible to target cancer cells and decrease tumor spheroid volume [13].
Quaternized chitosans serve as absorbents to capture higher uptakes of greenhouse gases [14]. In addition, phosphorylated chitosan can be used as a flame retardant and is highly investigated for heat insulation [15,16]. Carboxymethyl chitosan is also favored in the cosmetics industry as a source of antioxidants for hydration and protection of the skin [17]. Moreover, chitosan serves as a scaffolding material for cell growth and tissue engineering, as the cationic property of chitosan allows interaction with glycoproteins and other structural molecules [18]. Chitosan is also used as a stabilizer in emulsions for the food industry [19].
Based on the concept of circular economy and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), companies are encouraged to always consider the present and the future in their production and consumption. Chitosan is a biopolymer that contributes to sustainability in industry. Chitosan can replace harmful chemicals in agriculture while protecting crops from diseases due to its antimicrobial activity [20,21]. Chitosan composites are also good absorbents of pollutants and metal ions such as tartrazine, tetracycline hydrochloride, arsenic, uranium, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ ions [22,23,24,25,26]. Chitosan can also be used to manufacture paper so that the use of chemical additives can be reduced [27,28]. Moreover, chitosan helps to capture harmful gases such as formaldehyde and greenhouse gases [29,30].
One great advantage of chitosan is that chitosan can act as a biocompatible and biodegradable substrate for electronics. A maleic–chitosan proton conducting layer has good field-effect proton mobility and is a breakthrough discovery in green electronics [31]. Starch–chitosan substrate-based transparent electrodes can also be used in wearable electronics [32]. Silver nanowire–chitosan substrate can be used as the bottom electrode for perovskite solar cells with good stability [33]. Optimized chitosan electrostatic layer-by-layer films acting as cathode interlayers for inverted organic solar cells show high power conversion efficiency and could reduce the work function of electrodes to improve device performances [34]. Chitosan with yttrium oxide (Y2O3) can act as gate dielectric thin films in organic thin-film transistors with improved dielectric characteristics and pinholes and could operate in low voltage situations for various curvature radii [35].
Based on the vast applications of chitosan that have garnered the interest of many researchers, this paper aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of chitosan for sustainable development. Aranaz [1] reviewed chitosan for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and biocatalysts. Salgado-Cruz [2] performed a bibliometric review on the application of chitosan for coating in postharvest products using the Scopus database for a period of 10 years. Kou et al. [4] reviewed ways to produce chitosan using chemical and biological methods. Maliki et al. [36] performed a minireview on chitosan for green applications. Hameed et al. [37] reviewed the applications of chitosan for filtration, metal removal, antibacterial properties, wound dressing, food preservation, agriculture, and drug delivery. Kostag and Seoud [38] reviewed the molecular structures of chitin and chitosan and studied the dissolution mechanism for these biopolymers. Klongthong [39] conducted a bibliometric analysis on the treatment of viral diseases with chitosan. Martău et al. [40] reviewed the applications of chitosan in the biomedical and food sectors. Ranjan [41] did a bibliometric analysis of the biomedical applications of chitosan. The top-cited paper by Crini [42] reviewed chitosan as one of the environmentally friendly absorbents that can be used for purification. The third-most-cited paper by Boateng et al. [43] reviewed wound-healing dressings using various polymers, including chitosan which helps in accelerating granulation.
Based on our search, a bibliometric analysis of chitosan for sustainable development has not been performed in past studies. Sustainable development is an important topic for the safety and wellbeing of all living organisms. Chitosan, which is a biopolymer, is cost effective with high sustainability and wide functionality. Therefore, this paper shall conduct a bibliometric analysis of chitosan for sustainable development using the Scopus database from 1976 to 2023 (as of 26 January 2023) [44,45,46]. A bibliometric analysis was conducted for performance analysis and scientific mapping of a research domain [47,48]. The outcome of a bibliometric analysis explains the development of the research domain over time. A bibliometric analysis also highlights the emerging trends in the domain to allow researchers to better identify the research gaps [49,50]. This analysis also aims to contribute by highlighting the sustainable applications of chitosan and pointing out the possible sustainable areas of research in chitosan. Section 2 explains the methodology used in this bibliometric analysis. Section 3 discusses the results of the bibliometric analysis. Section 4 concludes the paper with the highlights of the outcomes of the analysis.
2. Methodology
This paper intends to conduct a bibliometric analysis of chitosan for sustainable development. The search for scientific literature was performed on the Scopus database, which is a globally trusted database for high-quality peer-reviewed materials [51,52]. The Scopus database also has the most extensive coverage and widest citation records among all the scientific databases [53,54]. Figure 1 explains the process of the bibliometric analysis of chitosan for sustainable development [55,56].
In the first step, “chitosan” was identified as a biopolymer with wide applications and benefits to the present and future needs of the industry. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database on 26 January 2023. The following query was applied: TITLE-ABS-KEY (“chitosan” and (“sustainable*” or “green polymer” or “biodegradable*” or “ecofriendly*”)). From 1976 to 2023, 8049 documents were displayed. However, erratum, short survey, note, editorial, and retracted documents were excluded from this analysis [57,58,59]. A total of 8002 articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, conference reviews, and books were included in this bibliometric analysis.
In the second step, data were downloaded from the Scopus database for statistical analysis of bibliometric indicators. In the third step, further bibliometric analysis was conducted with Harzing’s Publish or Perish 8 and VOSviewer version 1.6.18. Harzing’s Publish or Perish was used for performance analyses with citation metrics for annual publication, documents by country, source titles, and highly cited documents [60]. In citation metrics, total document (TD) quantifies the number of documents, total citation (TC) shows the citations received for a document or author, h-index (h number of documents with minimum h number of citations) and g-index (g number of documents with minimum g2 average citations) show the research achievements [61]. VOSviewer was used for scientific mapping, which maps the country coauthorship and keyword co-occurrence [46,62].
3. Results
The results of the bibliometric analysis of chitosan for sustainable development are discussed in this section. The results include document types, source types, annual publication, subject areas, country contribution, highly cited documents, and analysis of keywords. The summary of bibliometric analysis will be explained in the citation metrics for all 8002 documents from 1976 to 2023, as of 26 January 2023.
3.1. Document Type and Source Type
The 8002 documents are under six document types. Articles and reviews make up about 85% of the total documents. Of these, 5736 documents (71.68%) are articles while 1107 documents (13.83%) are reviews. Other document types are conference papers (560 documents or 7.00%), book chapters (509 documents or 6.36%), conference reviews (67 documents or 0.84%), and books (23 documents or 0.29%). Table 1 presents the document types of the 8002 papers on chitosan in sustainable development.
Documents can be published in various sources, and 6874 documents (85.90%) were published in journals, 460 documents (5.75%) were published in books, 413 documents (5.16%) were published in conference proceedings, 228 documents (2.85%) were published in book series, while less than 0.35% of the documents were published in trade journals or were undefined. Figure 2 shows the source types of the documents on chitosan for sustainable development.
3.2. Annual Publication
The first paper listed on the Scopus database was published in 1976 and authored by Kohn [63]. This paper, titled “Shellfish wastes vie for cpi role”, noted that the shells of shrimps and crabs have chitin to derive chitosan, which is nontoxic and biodegradable. Chitosan can be used as flocculants, coagulants, food thickeners, or coatings, which are less toxic and less harmful than other chemicals [63]. This first paper has received two citations to date. The second and third papers listed on the Scopus database were published in 1986 by Koh et al. [64] and Machida et al. [65] which received 8 citations and 52 citations to date, respectively. The paper by Koh et al. [64] found that ground mixtures with chitosan offered a quicker dissolution rate of piroxicam than with chitin. Thus, chitosan can be used as a drug carrier. This study also noted that chitosan does not present a biological hazard. Machida et al. [65] performed an experiment to study the enzymatic degradation of chitosan and hydroxypropylchitosan on uracil. This paper then concluded that chitosan and hydroxypropylchitosan can be used in anticancer drugs.
Figure 3 describes the annual publication on chitosan for sustainable development and the total citation (TC) received by the documents. The focus on sustainability in chitosan was less prominent before the year 1995, as the total number of documents (TD) each year is below 10. An upward trend is observed from 1997 as the total number of documents (TD) peaked in 2022, with 1178 documents. As of 26 January 2023, 139 documents have been published and indexed in the Scopus database for the year 2023. This shows that researchers are increasingly interested in chitosan for sustainable development.
Table 2 presents the citation metrics of the annual publication of chitosan for sustainable development. The citation metrics include a number of cited documents (NCD), total citation (TC), citation per document (C/D), citation per cited document (C/CD), h-index, and g-index. The highest total citation was recorded in 2010 with 20,161 citations. This was largely contributed by the second and fourth highly cited papers by Kumari et al. [66] and Bhattarai et al. [67], respectively. Kumari et al. [66] received 2789 citations while Bhattarai et al. [67] received 1796 citations. The highest C/D and C/CD were recorded by the document published in 1988 by Hirano et al. [68]. This paper showed that chitosan can be used in oral and intravenous drug carriers.
3.3. Subject Area
In Scopus, documents are categorized under four main subjects including life sciences, physical sciences, health sciences, and social sciences and humanities. Then, there were 27 major subject areas and more than 300 minor subject areas. Every document may be categorized into more than one subject area based on Scopus classification [69,70]. The 8002 documents are grouped into several subject areas, with 18.56% of the documents grouped under materials science, followed by chemistry (14.46%), engineering (11.49%), chemical engineering (10.66%), and biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology (10.18%). Pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics (6.33%), environmental science (5.23%), physics and astronomy (4.69%), agricultural and biological science (4.49%), and medicine (4.09%) are also under the top 10 subject areas. The complete list of subject areas is tabulated in Table 3.
3.4. Country Contribution
There were about 120 countries that contribute to the publication of chitosan on sustainable development. China (1560 documents), India (1400 documents), and the United States (800 documents) were the top three countries contributing to this domain. Iran, Brazil, Italy, South Korea, Egypt, Spain, and Malaysia also provided high contributions in this domain with 470, 347, 311, 305, 300, 269, and 251 documents, respectively. The United States received the highest total citation (TC) of 55,019, citation per document (C/D) of 68.77, and citation per cited document (C/CD) of 77.6%. The United States also had the highest publication impact with an h-index of 110 and a g-index of 211, and 110 documents published by researchers in the United States received at least 110 citations, respectively. At least 44,521 total citations were also received from 211 documents from the United States. Table 4 presents the top 10 country contribution.
VOSviewer maps the authors’ collaborations across countries. This feature allows a deeper understanding of the scientific collaboration among the authors in different countries [71]. Link strength explains the magnitude of collaboration. The larger the link strength, the higher the number of collaborations [72]. Table 5 shows the top 10 countries with the highest link strengths. India had the highest total link strength of 572 with 1400 total documents. This shows that India had the highest collaboration with authors from other countries. The United States had a 557 total link strength with 800 documents. Even though China had the highest document total of 1560 papers, China was only in the third position in international collaboration with a 527 total link strength. Saudi Arabia (263), Iran (248), the United Kingdom (228), Egypt (220), Italy (201), Malaysia (201), and South Korea (200) were also among the top 10 for total link strength in international author collaboration. Figure 4 maps the country’s coauthorship of the publications on chitosan for sustainable development.
Based on Figure 4, India has the largest node because of the highest total link strength. The thickest line spans from China to the United States with a link strength of 120. China and the United States collaborate the most in this domain. The colors of the nodes and lines represent the clustering of the countries [73]. There are nine clusters in total. The first cluster, which is red, has 15 countries made up of Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The second cluster, which is green, consists of Austria, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Jordan, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Serbia, Slovenia, and Switzerland. The dark blue cluster consists of Barbados, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Ethiopia, Israel, Latvia, the Philippines, Poland, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Taiwan, and Ukraine. The yellow cluster has Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Cuba, Ecuador, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Spain, and Venezuela. The next cluster, which is purple, is made up of Algeria, Canada, France, Greece, Lebanon, Morocco, Norway, Qatar, Romania, Tunisia, and Turkey. Egypt, Ireland, Kuwait, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, and Yemen make up the light blue cluster. The orange cluster has Azerbaijan, Iran, and Oman. Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom make up the brown cluster. The final cluster has Nepal, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates.
3.5. Source Title
There were more than 150 source titles published on chitosan for sustainable development. Table 6 highlights the top 10 source titles. The source title that published the most documents on chitosan for sustainable development was “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules” (361), followed by “Carbohydrate Polymers” (271), “Polymers” (135), “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” (128), “Materials Science and Engineering C” (74), “Journal of Polymers and the Environment” (70), “Biomaterials” (69), “IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering” (69), “ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering” (68) and “Molecules” (65). Documents published in “Biomaterials” received the highest total citation of 17,999. The top 10 source titles are also listed on Web of Science (WoS), except “Materials Science and Engineering C” and “IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering”.
3.6. Highly Cited Documents
Table 7 presents the top 10 highly cited documents on chitosan for sustainable development. The most-cited document, “Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review” by Crini [42], received 3590 citations. The review paper presented a critical analysis and the characteristics, advantages, limitations, and mechanisms of sorbents. Chitosan was identified as a promising adsorbent for environmental and purification purposes. The second-most-cited document, with 2789 citations, was by Kumari et al. [66] titled “Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems”. The review paper discussed the impact of nanoencapsulation of various disease-related drugs on biodegradable nanoparticles such as chitosan and gelatin. The third-most-cited document, by Boateng et al. [43], discussed the common wound management dressings and novel polymers used for the delivery of drugs to various types of wounds. These included chitosan, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, alginates, collagen, polyurethane, hyaluronic acid, and pectin. The paper by Bhattarai et al. [67], titled “Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled, localized drug delivery”, received 1796 citations and was the fourth highly-cited document. The authors investigated the developments in chitosan hydrogel preparation and defined the design parameters in the development of chemically and physically cross-linked hydrogels. The following most-cited paper by Khor and Lim [74] discussed the works of key groups in Asia developing chitosan and chitin materials for implantable biomedical applications.
Madihally and Matthew [75] authored the paper titled “Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering” which received 1338 citations. The authors studied the application of chitosan for the formation of porous scaffolds of controlled microstructures in tissue-relevant geometries. The seventh-most-cited paper by Chenite et al. [76] studied the use of polymer salt aqueous solutions as gelling systems and proposed the discovery of a prototype for a new family of thermosetting gels highly compatible with biological compounds. The following most-cited paper by Rieux et al. [77] discussed the influence of size and surface properties on the nanoparticles’ nonspecific uptake or their targeted uptake by enterocytes and M cells. Li et al. [78] obtained 1037 citations for their paper titled “Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels: gelation, biodegradation, and biomedical applications”. The authors presented the progress on biodegradable and injectable hydrogels fabricated from natural polymers such as chitosan and biodegradable synthetic polymers. The 10th-most-cited document was achieved by Klouda [79] for the paper “Thermoresponsive hydrogels in biomedical applications A seven-year update”. The author reviewed the literature on thermosensitive hydrogels by focusing on natural polymers as well as synthetic polymers.
3.7. Keyword Analysis
VOSviewer provides a feature to map the keyword co-occurrence map to detect the research clusters and how these clusters are linked to form a subdomain [80]. Table 8 shows the 20 most frequently used keywords with the respective total link strengths. “Chitosan” (6201) was the most-used keyword with the highest total link strength of 93,328. The second-most-used keyword was “biocompatibility” with 1525 occurrences. The third-most-used keyword was “nonhuman” with 1492 occurrences. Figure 5 depicts the keyword co-occurrence map.
Based on Figure 5, the keywords can be categorized into three clusters. The first cluster is red and contains keywords such as acetylation, antibacterial activity, antiinfective agent, antimicrobial activity, antioxidants, bioactivity, biodegradable, biodegradation, biopolymer, bioremediation, carbon dioxide, carboxymethyl chitosan, catalysis, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, chitosan derivatives, chlorine compounds, coagulation, coating, crystallinity, deacetylation, differential scanning calorime, ecofriendly, electrolytes, environmental impact, Escherichia coli, ethylene, flocculation, food packaging, functional polymers, glycerol, green chemistry, heavy metals, hydrogen bond, hydrolysis, II-VI semiconductors, infrared spectroscopy, ions, lignin, microbial sensitivity test, minimum inhibitory concentration, morphology, nanofiber, plant extract, polysaccharides, temperature, tensil strength, thermodynamics, ultraviolet radiation, wastewater treatment, water vapor permeability, wound dressings, and X-ray diffraction.
The second cluster, which is green, contains alginates, antineoplastic agents, apoptosis, bovine serum albumin, cancer therapy, chondroitin sulfate, cyclodextrin, cytotoxicity, DNA, drug carrier, drug delivery, emulsion, encapsulation, gel, gelatin, gene therapy, hexuronic acids, human, hyaluronic acid, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, immunogenicity, liposome, macrogol, molecular structure, nanotechnology, nonhuman, paclitaxel, pH, polyethyleneimine, polyvinyl alcohol, vaccine, and zeta potential. The third cluster is blue and has adhesion, animal, angiogenesis, biomimetics, bone regeneration, calcium phosphate, cartilage, cell proliferation, cytology, fibroblast, flow kinetics, freeze drying, hydrogel, in vitro study, in vivo study, lysozyme, pharmacology, scaffold, tissue engineering, and Young modulus.
Figure 6 shows the overlay visualization map of keywords, which explains the trends of the publications on chitosan for sustainable development. The yellow keywords are the recent trends and the current focus of researchers. They include sustainability, graphene oxide, antibacterial agents, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, water management, water pollutant, heavy metal, recycling, food packaging, Escherichia coli, lignin, contact angle, II-VI semiconductors, and microbial sensitivity test.
Green electronics are also significant in sustainable development. Based on our query, there were several papers that adopt chitosan in green electronics and are impactful to current and future research. Chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone substrates produced using a solution casting process have great optical transmittance, high temperature stability, high biodegradation rate, and excellent mechanical stability to be used in flexible electronics [81]. Miao et al. [32] have also experimented with a starch–chitosan substrate for wearable green electronics. Du et al. [35] used chitosan with Y2O3 in organic thin-film transistors with superior dielectric properties. Li et al. [82] performed a review on the use of chitosan in electronic devices such as solar cells, organic field-effect transistors, and light-emitting diodes (LED). In addition, chitosan-based solid carbon dots can also be used for white LED and 3D printing [83]. Chitosan-mediated LED illumination also has better antibacterial treatment on Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. than LED illumination only [84]. Chitosan nanoparticles with LEDs of different spectra can also modify Eleutherococcus senticosus for the treatment of diseases [85]. Chitosan-based asymmetric electrodes also have high selectivity and absorption of oxidized hexavalent uranium, strontium cation, and cesium [86]. Therefore, the applications of chitosan in green electronics are beneficial in food science, nutrition, medicine, technology, and water treatment. Chitosan is also the current trend based on the keyword overlay visualization.
The research on water purification and the management of water pollutants are insightful areas with broad prospects. There are more than 100 articles discussing the removal of impurities and purification. Liu et al. [87] experimented with the usage of chitosan-modified cellulose fibers and ferric chloride to remove Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR. In their book, Ahankari et al. [88] studied water remediation and purification and found that nanochitosan-based materials have a better absorption capacity than microsized chitosan when removing heavy metals due to a larger surface area and reactivity. Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles also have great superparamagnetism and are low cost with high efficiency [88]. Chitosan-AgIO3 can also treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus which are helpful in water purification [89]. Photothermal chitosan–cellulose nanofiber is also a promising solar-driven cost-effective water purification technique [90]. Water treatment and heavy metal removal for purification have also been studied in various pieces of research [91,92,93,94,95,96,97].
However, there are also some challenges to using chitosan. Mujtaba et al. [98] stated that chitosan has low hydrophobicity and low mechanical and thermal strength which inhibits its use as a barrier enhancer in food packaging. Therefore, chitosan has been combined with other biopolymers, plant or animal proteins, waxes, and minerals while other methods such as cross-linking, graft copolymerization, and enzymatic treatments are used to improve the barrier properties of chitosan. Meanwhile, the stability of chitosan is also a challenge in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields [99]. The purity of chitosan affects the drug delivery process. Chitosan may not be able to dissolve due to the presence of ash or residual proteins for drug delivery [100,101,102]. Chitosan may also degrade through enzymatic hydrolysis if there is microbiological contamination. Centrifugation and extensive shearing could also reduce the molecular weight of chitosan and cause fluctuation in the polydisperity index in biomedical applications [103,104]. A low degree of deacetylation (DD) also causes acute inflammation and low affinity to enzymes in vitro. On the other hand, chitosan with high DD is less porous with low water uptake which slows down the rate of acidic hydrolysis [105,106].
During storage, the physiochemical and mechanical characteristics of chitosan may be altered due to the change in moisture level. Prolonged storage can dehydrate chitosan which then reduces its crushing strength and causes a spike in friability and disintegration [107]. Excessive moisture in the chitosan structure will increase the damage level due to hydrolysis. When the storage environment has a high relative humidity, the mechanical properties of chitosan will be decreased, as there is more swelling of the chitosan to induce a quicker release of the active compounds [108]. This will also bring down the adhesiveness of chitosan carriers with mucin [109,110,111]. The application of chitosan in hydrogels may be unstable as dissolution may happen, has poor mechanical resistance, and its pore size is hard to control, while chemical crosslinking may alter its intrinsic properties. Chitosan sponge may shrivel and is less porous [112]. Since there is vast potential to use chitosan, especially in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries, researchers may identify these suitable research gaps, which may be studied to overcome the limitations of chitosan.
3.8. Citation Metric
The citation metric of the 8002 documents on chitosan for sustainable development from 1976 to 2023 as of 26 January 2023 is shown in Table 9. Based on the 8002 documents, 278,578 citations have been received with an h-index of 215 and a g-index of 343.
4. Conclusions
The research on chitosan for sustainability has received notable attention in recent years. This can be seen in the upward trend of annual publications where the number of documents exceeded 1000 in the year 2021 and continued to rise in 2022. Most of the documents were articles published in journals. The first paper indexed in Scopus was “Shellfish wastes vie for cpi role” by Kohn [63] which was published in 1976. The highest cited document is “Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review” by Crini [42] which received 3590 citations since its publication in 2006. China (1560) produced the highest number of documents on chitosan for sustainable development. The United States received the highest total citation of 55,019, 68.77 citations per document and 77.6 citations per cited document. The top three source titles which publish documents on chitosan for sustainable development were the “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules”, “Carbohydrate Polymer” and “Polymers”. All these three source titles were also indexed in WoS.
Most of the documents were under materials science, chemistry, and engineering. India had the highest international collaboration with 572 total link strength on the 1400 documents. The biggest link strength (120) was found between China and the United States. From the keyword co-occurrence map, it can be highlighted that the research trend is moving toward the application of chitosan for sustainable development. Increased research interest has been placed on the antibacterial functionality of chitosan on bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Lately, chitosan has also been studied for its flocculation in water treatment to remove organic matter, suspended solids, and heavy ions for a sustained environment.
There are several limitations to this study. Firstly, the Scopus database is constantly updating from time to time. Therefore, this bibliometric analysis may be repeated in the future for an intensive understanding of the evolving trends. Secondly, the first indexed paper in the Scopus database was published in 1976. Documents published before 1976 which were not indexed in the Scopus database were not considered in this study.
Conceptualization, W.S.L. and W.H.L.; methodology, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; software, W.S.L. and P.F.L.; validation, W.S.L. and W.H.L.; formal analysis, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; investigation, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; resources, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; data curation, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; writing—original draft preparation, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; writing—review and editing, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; visualization, W.S.L., W.H.L. and P.F.L.; supervision, W.S.L. and W.H.L.; project administration, W.S.L. and W.H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
This research is supported by the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Process of bibliometric analysis of chitosan for sustainable development.
Document type.
| Document Type | Total Documents | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Article | 5736 | 71.68 |
| Review | 1107 | 13.83 |
| Conference Paper | 560 | 7.00 |
| Book Chapter | 509 | 6.36 |
| Conference Review | 67 | 0.84 |
| Book | 23 | 0.29 |
| Total | 8002 | 100 |
Annual Publication.
| Year | TD 1 | Percentage (%) | Cumulative Percentage (%) | NCD 2 | TC 3 | C/D 4 | C/CD 5 | h-Index | g-Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 1986 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 2 | 60 | 30 | 30 | 2 | 2 |
| 1988 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 1 | 175 | 175 | 175 | 1 | 1 |
| 1989 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 2 | 48 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 2 |
| 1990 | 6 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 5 | 830 | 138.33 | 166 | 3 | 6 |
| 1991 | 4 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 4 | 142 | 35.5 | 35.5 | 4 | 4 |
| 1992 | 3 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 3 | 363 | 121 | 121 | 3 | 3 |
| 1993 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1994 | 3 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 3 | 90 | 30 | 30 | 3 | 3 |
| 1995 | 8 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 5 | 439 | 54.88 | 87.8 | 5 | 8 |
| 1996 | 10 | 0.12 | 0.52 | 9 | 451 | 45.1 | 50.11 | 7 | 10 |
| 1997 | 8 | 0.10 | 0.62 | 8 | 509 | 63.63 | 63.63 | 5 | 8 |
| 1998 | 17 | 0.21 | 0.84 | 16 | 620 | 36.47 | 38.75 | 9 | 17 |
| 1999 | 20 | 0.25 | 1.09 | 18 | 2774 | 138.7 | 154.11 | 14 | 20 |
| 2000 | 29 | 0.36 | 1.45 | 28 | 3642 | 125.59 | 130.07 | 21 | 29 |
| 2001 | 30 | 0.37 | 1.82 | 29 | 4219 | 140.63 | 145.48 | 24 | 30 |
| 2002 | 39 | 0.49 | 2.31 | 36 | 2787 | 71.46 | 77.42 | 24 | 39 |
| 2003 | 45 | 0.56 | 2.87 | 44 | 4469 | 99.31 | 101.57 | 24 | 45 |
| 2004 | 68 | 0.85 | 3.72 | 62 | 8086 | 118.91 | 130.42 | 38 | 68 |
| 2005 | 127 | 1.59 | 5.31 | 109 | 12,313 | 96.95 | 112.96 | 52 | 110 |
| 2006 | 108 | 1.35 | 6.66 | 96 | 12,771 | 118.25 | 133.03 | 47 | 108 |
| 2007 | 102 | 1.27 | 7.94 | 95 | 8362 | 81.98 | 88.02 | 45 | 91 |
| 2008 | 151 | 1.89 | 9.82 | 137 | 12,787 | 84.68 | 93.34 | 53 | 112 |
| 2009 | 196 | 2.45 | 12.27 | 182 | 12,359 | 63.06 | 67.91 | 60 | 107 |
| 2010 | 243 | 3.04 | 15.31 | 229 | 20,161 | 82.97 | 88.04 | 62 | 139 |
| 2011 | 282 | 3.52 | 18.83 | 256 | 14,576 | 51.69 | 56.94 | 67 | 113 |
| 2012 | 252 | 3.15 | 21.98 | 227 | 12,785 | 50.73 | 56.32 | 59 | 106 |
| 2013 | 293 | 3.66 | 25.64 | 262 | 12,965 | 44.25 | 49.48 | 61 | 105 |
| 2014 | 336 | 4.20 | 29.84 | 301 | 14,408 | 42.88 | 47.87 | 60 | 107 |
| 2015 | 396 | 4.95 | 34.79 | 363 | 15,649 | 39.52 | 43.11 | 64 | 109 |
| 2016 | 400 | 5.00 | 39.79 | 368 | 14,882 | 37.21 | 40.44 | 62 | 104 |
| 2017 | 530 | 6.62 | 46.41 | 458 | 16,842 | 31.78 | 36.77 | 63 | 107 |
| 2018 | 540 | 6.75 | 53.16 | 508 | 19,074 | 35.32 | 37.55 | 66 | 110 |
| 2019 | 631 | 7.89 | 61.05 | 591 | 17,423 | 27.61 | 29.48 | 63 | 96 |
| 2020 | 769 | 9.61 | 70.66 | 709 | 16,277 | 21.17 | 22.96 | 59 | 86 |
| 2021 | 1031 | 12.88 | 83.54 | 887 | 11,654 | 11.3 | 13.14 | 43 | 61 |
| 2022 | 1178 | 14.72 | 98.26 | 725 | 3541 | 3.01 | 4.88 | 22 | 31 |
| 2023 | 139 | 1.74 | 100.00 | 20 | 43 | 0.31 | 2.15 | 3 | 5 |
| Total | 8002 | 100 | 278,578 |
1 Total Document; 2 Number of Cited Documents; 3 Total Citation; 4 Citations per Document; 5 Citations per Cited Document.
Subject Area.
| Subject Area | Total Document | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Materials Science | 3249 | 18.56 |
| Chemistry | 2531 | 14.46 |
| Engineering | 2010 | 11.49 |
| Chemical Engineering | 1865 | 10.66 |
| Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology | 1782 | 10.18 |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutics | 1108 | 6.33 |
| Environmental Science | 915 | 5.23 |
| Physics and Astronomy | 821 | 4.69 |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 786 | 4.49 |
| Medicine | 716 | 4.09 |
| Energy | 540 | 3.09 |
| Economics, Econometrics, and Finance | 276 | 1.58 |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 234 | 1.34 |
| Computer Science | 131 | 0.75 |
| Business, Management, and Accounting | 100 | 0.57 |
| Multidisciplinary | 91 | 0.52 |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | 90 | 0.51 |
| Social Sciences | 56 | 0.32 |
| Health Professions | 49 | 0.28 |
| Veterinary | 34 | 0.19 |
| Mathematics | 32 | 0.18 |
| Neuroscience | 30 | 0.17 |
| Dentistry | 21 | 0.12 |
| Nursing | 20 | 0.11 |
| Arts and Humanities | 7 | 0.04 |
| Psychology | 4 | 0.02 |
| Decision Sciences | 3 | 0.02 |
| Total | 17,501 | 100 |
Country Contribution.
| Country | TD 1 | NCD 2 | TC 3 | C/D 4 | C/CD 5 | h-Index | g-Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 1560 | 1354 | 50,477 | 32.36 | 37.28 | 100 | 163 |
| India | 1400 | 1197 | 48,529 | 34.66 | 40.54 | 101 | 183 |
| United States | 800 | 709 | 55,019 | 68.77 | 77.6 | 110 | 211 |
| Iran | 470 | 402 | 13,940 | 29.66 | 34.68 | 60 | 98 |
| Brazil | 347 | 307 | 8471 | 24.41 | 27.59 | 48 | 78 |
| Italy | 311 | 277 | 10,406 | 33.46 | 37.57 | 51 | 92 |
| South Korea | 305 | 267 | 10,931 | 35.84 | 40.94 | 49 | 95 |
| Egypt | 300 | 256 | 8301 | 27.67 | 32.43 | 46 | 83 |
| Spain | 269 | 242 | 11,411 | 42.42 | 47.15 | 49 | 100 |
| Malaysia | 251 | 212 | 5487 | 21.77 | 25.88 | 39 | 66 |
1 Total Document; 2 Number of Cited Documents; 3 Total Citations; 4 Citations per Document; 5 Citations per Cited Document.
Top 10 countries for author collaborations.
| Country | Total Document | Total Link Strength |
|---|---|---|
| India | 1400 | 572 |
| United States | 800 | 557 |
| China | 1560 | 527 |
| Saudi Arabia | 164 | 263 |
| Iran | 470 | 248 |
| United Kingdom | 204 | 228 |
| Egypt | 300 | 220 |
| Italy | 311 | 201 |
| Malaysia | 251 | 201 |
| South Korea | 305 | 200 |
Source Title.
| Source Title | TD 1 | Percentage (%) | TC 2 | Publisher | Cite Score | SJR 3 | SNIP 4 | h-Index | JIF 5 | JCI 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Journal of Biological Macromolecules | 361 | 4.51 | 16,073 | Elsevier | 11.6 | 1.100 | 1.449 | 144 | 8.025 | 1.42 |
| Carbohydrate Polymers | 271 | 3.39 | 14,519 | Elsevier | 16.0 | 1.612 | 1.821 | 228 | 10.723 | 2.19 |
| Polymers | 135 | 1.69 | 2286 | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) | 5.7 | 0.726 | 1.170 | 89 | 4.967 | 0.88 |
| Journal Of Applied Polymer Science | 128 | 1.60 | 2968 | Wiley-Blackwell | 5.0 | 0.528 | 0.793 | 175 | 3.057 | 0.61 |
| Materials Science and Engineering C | 74 | 0.92 | 4613 | Elsevier | 12.6 | 1.191 | 1.417 | 145 | NIL 7 | NIL 7 |
| Journal Of Polymers and The Environment | 70 | 0.87 | 1411 | Springer Nature | 6.8 | 0.648 | 1.038 | 80 | 4.705 | 0.65 |
| Biomaterials | 69 | 0.86 | 17,999 | Elsevier | 21.5 | 2.678 | 2.045 | 397 | 15.304 | 2.68 |
| IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering | 69 | 0.86 | 138 | IOP Publishing Ltd. | 1.1 | 0.249 | 0.344 | 48 | NIL 7 | NIL 7 |
| ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering | 68 | 0.85 | 2513 | American Chemical Society | 14.5 | 1.743 | 1.361 | 132 | 9.224 | 1.44 |
| Molecules | 65 | 0.81 | 1822 | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) | 5.9 | 0.705 | 1.267 | 171 | 4.927 | 0.64 |
1 Total Document; 2 Total Citation; 3 SCImago Journal Rank 2021; 4 Source Normalized Impact per Paper 2021; 5 Journal Impact Factor 2021; 6 Journal Citation Indicator 2021, 7 Data Not Available.
Highly Cited Documents.
| Author | Title | Year | Cites | Cites Per Year | Source Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G. Crini [ |
Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review | 2006 | 3590 | 211.18 | Bioresource Technology |
| A. Kumari, S.K. Yadav, S.C. Yadav [ |
Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems | 2010 | 2789 | 214.54 | Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces |
| J.S. Boateng, K.H. Matthews, H.N.E. Stevens, G.M. Eccleston [ |
Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review | 2008 | 1945 | 129.67 | Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |
| N. Bhattarai, J. Gunn, M. Zhang [ |
Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled, localized drug delivery | 2010 | 1796 | 138.15 | Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews |
| E. Khor, L.Y. Lim [ |
Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan | 2003 | 1468 | 73.4 | Biomaterials |
| S.V. Madihally, H.W.T. Matthew [ |
Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering | 1999 | 1338 | 55.75 | Biomaterials |
| A. Chenite, C. Chaput, D. Wang, C. Combes, M.D. Buschmann, C.D. Hoemann, J.C. Leroux, B.L. Atkinson, F. Binette, A. Selmani [ |
Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ | 2000 | 1199 | 52.13 | Biomaterials |
| A. des Rieux, V. Fievez, M. Garinot, Y.-J. Schneider, V. Préat [ |
Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach | 2006 | 1068 | 62.82 | Journal of Controlled Release |
| Y. Li, J. Rodrigues, H. Tomás [ |
Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels: Gelation, biodegradation and biomedical applications | 2012 | 1037 | 94.27 | Chemical Society Reviews |
| L. Klouda [ |
Thermoresponsive hydrogels in biomedical applications | 2008 | 989 | 65.93 | European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics |
Top 20 Keywords with Total Link Strengths.
| Keywords | TD 1 | Total Link Strength |
|---|---|---|
| Chitosan | 6201 | 93,328 |
| Nonhuman | 1492 | 38,976 |
| Chemistry | 1468 | 37,602 |
| Human | 1287 | 34,247 |
| Biocompatibility | 1525 | 31,074 |
| Drug delivery system | 1143 | 28,912 |
| Animals | 1051 | 28,575 |
| Humans | 944 | 26,310 |
| Biodegradability | 1122 | 23,721 |
| Scanning electron microscopy | 1103 | 23,341 |
| Nanoparticles | 1060 | 21,317 |
| Polymer | 900 | 21,023 |
| Animal | 750 | 20,874 |
| Nanoparticle | 820 | 20,062 |
| Particle size | 767 | 19,536 |
| Tissue Engineering | 795 | 19,081 |
| In vitro study | 620 | 18,166 |
| Chitin | 1163 | 17,624 |
| Biodegradable polymers | 1146 | 17,262 |
| Biomaterial | 611 | 16,379 |
1 Total Document.
Citation Metric.
| Items | Metrics |
|---|---|
| Date of Extraction | 26 January 2023 |
| Papers | 8002 |
| Citations | 278,578 |
| Years | 47 |
| Citation per Year | 5927.19 |
| Citation per Document | 34.81 |
| Citation per Author | 80,267.14 |
| Papers per Author | 2135.23 |
| Authors per Paper | 4.86 |
| h-index | 215 |
| g-index | 343 |
References
1. Aranaz, I.; Alcántara, A.R.; Civera, M.C.; Arias, C.; Elorza, B.; Caballero, A.H.; Acosta, N. Chitosan: An overview of its properties and applications. Polymers; 2021; 13, 3256. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193256] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34641071]
2. Salgado-Cruz, M.d.l.P.; Salgado-Cruz, J.; García-Hernández, A.B.; Calderón-Domínguez, G.; Gómez-Viquez, H.; Oliver-Espinoza, R.; Fernández-Martínez, M.C.; Yáñez-Fernández, J. Chitosan as a coating for biocontrol in postharvest products: A bibliometric review. Membranes; 2021; 11, 421. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060421] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34073018]
3. Danarto, Y.C.; Distantina, S. Optimizing deacetylation process for chitosan production from green mussel (Perna viridis) shell. AIP Conf. Proc.; 2016; 1710, 030028.
4. Kou, S.G.; Peters, L.M.; Mucalo, M.R. Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.; 2021; 169, pp. 85-94. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.005]
5. Valdez, M.I.; Garcia, J.; Ubeda-Manzanaro, M.; Martinez, A.; Rodrigo, D. Insect chitosan as a natural antimicrobial against vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus in a cooked rice matrix. Food Microbiol.; 2022; 107, 104077. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2022.104077]
6. Ismail, A.S.; Darwish, M.S.A.; Ismail, E.A. Synthesis and characterization of hydrophilic chitosan-polyvinyl acetate blends and their sorption performance in binary methanol–water mixture. Egypt. J. Pet.; 2017; 26, pp. 17-22. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.02.006]
7. Cohen, E.; Poverenov, E. Hydrophilic chitosan derivatives: Synthesis and applications. Chem. Eur. J.; 2022; 28, e202202156. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202202156]
8. Antunes, B.P.; Moreira, A.F.; Gaspar, V.M.; Correia, I.J. Chitosan/arginine–chitosan polymer blends for assembly of nanofibrous membranes for wound regeneration. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2015; 130, pp. 104-112. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.072]
9. Torkaman, S.; Rahmani, H.; Ashori, A.; Najafi, S.H.M. Modification of chitosan using amino acids for wound healing purposes: A review. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2021; 258, 117675. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117675]
10. Cui, J.; Ji, X.; Mi, Y.; Miao, Q.; Dong, F.; Tan, W.; Guo, Z. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of N-2-Hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chitosan derivatives bearing amino acid Schiff bases. Mar. Drugs; 2022; 20, 86. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20020086]
11. Min, T.; Zhu, Z.; Sun, X.; Yuan, Z.; Zha, J.; Wen, Y. Highly efficient antifogging and antibacterial food packaging film fabricated by novel quaternary ammonium chitosan composite. Food Chem.; 2020; 308, 125682. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125682] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31655479]
12. Cohen, Y.; Mwangi, E.; Tish, N.; Xu, J.; Vaze, N.D.; Klingbell, T.; Fallik, E.; Luo, Y.; Demokritou, P.; Rodov, V. et al. Quaternized chitosan as a biopolymer sanitizer for leafy vegetables: Synthesis, characteristics, and traditional vs. dry nano-aerosol applications. Food Chem.; 2022; 378, 132056. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132056] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35030463]
13. Gaspar, V.M.; Costa, E.C.; Queiroz, J.A.; Pichon, C.; Sousa, F.; Correia, I.J. Folate-targeted multifunctional amino acid-chitosan nanoparticles for improved cancer therapy. Pharm. Res.; 2015; 32, pp. 562-577. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-014-1486-0]
14. Song, J.; Liu, J.; Zhao, W.; Chen, Y.; Xiao, H.; Shi, X.; Liu, Y.; Chen, X. Quaternized chitosan/PVA aerogels for reversible CO2 capture from ambient air. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; 2018; 57, pp. 4941-4948. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00064]
15. Cui, H.; Wu, N.; Ma, X.; Niu, F. Superior intrinsic flame-retardant phosphorylated chitosan aerogel as fully sustainable thermal insulation bio-based material. Polym. Degrad. Stab.; 2023; 207, 110213. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110213]
16. Malucelli, G. Flame-retardant systems based on chitosan and its derivatives: State of the art and perspectives. Molecules; 2020; 25, 4046. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184046] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32899696]
17. Chaiwong, N.; Leelapornpisid, P.; Jantanasakulwong, K.; Rachtanapun, P.; Seesuriyachan, P.; Sakdatorn, V.; Leksawasdi, N.; Phimolsiripol, Y. Antioxidant and moisturizing properties of carboxymethyl chitosan with different molecular weights. Polymer; 2020; 12, 1445. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071445] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32605198]
18. Nilsen-Nygaard, J.; Strand, S.P.; Vårum, K.M.; Draget, K.I.; Nordgård, C.T. Chitosan: Gels and interfacial properties. Polymers; 2015; 7, pp. 552-579. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym7030552]
19. Adewunmi, A.A.; Mahboob, A.; Kamal, M.S.; Sultan, A. Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan/natural acacia gum biopolymers: Effects of pH and salt concentrations. Polymers; 2022; 14, 5270. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235270]
20. Adamuchio-Oliveira, L.G.; Mazaro, S.M.; Mógor, G.; Sant’Anna-Santos, B.F.; Mógor, Á.F. Chitosan associated with chelated copper applied on tomatoes: Enzymatic and anatomical changes related to plant defense responses. Sci. Hortic.; 2020; 271, 109431. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109431]
21. Jogaiah, S.; Satapute, P.; De Britto, S.; Konappa, N.; Udayashankar, A.C. Exogenous priming of chitosan induces upregulation of phytohormones and resistance against cucumber powdery mildew disease is correlated with localized biosynthesis of defense enzymes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.; 2020; 162, pp. 1825-1838. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.124]
22. Tang, T.; Cao, S.; Xi, C.; Chen, Z. Multifunctional magnetic chitosan-graphene oxide-ionic liquid ternary nanohybrid: An efficient adsorbent of alkaloids. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2021; 255, 117338. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117338]
23. Jiang, Q.; Han, Z.; Li, W.; Ji, T.; Yuan, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, C.; Cheng, Z.; Wang, S. Adsorption properties of heavy metals and antibiotics by chitosan from larvae and adult Trypoxylus dichotomus. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2022; 276, 118735. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118735]
24. Tang, S.; Yang, J.; Lin, L.; Peng, K.; Chen, Y.; Jin, S.; Yao, W. Construction of physically crosslinked chitosan/sodium alginate/calcium ion double-network hydrogel and its application to heavy metal ions removal. Chem. Eng. J.; 2020; 393, 124728. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124728]
25. Nematidil, N.; Sadeghi, M.; Nezami, S.; Sadeghi, H. Synthesis and characterization of Schiff-base based chitosan-gglutaraldehyde/NaMMTNPs-APTES for removal Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2019; 222, 114971. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114971] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31320055]
26. Yang, L.; Luo, X.; Yan, L.; Zhou, Y.; Yu, S.; Ju, H.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L. Efficient selective adsorption of uranium using a novel eco-friendly chitosan-grafted adenosine 5’-monophosphate foam. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2022; 285, 119157. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119157]
27. Song, Z.; Li, G.; Guan, F.; Liu, W. Application of chitin/chitosan and their derivatives in the papermaking industry. Polymers; 2018; 10, 389. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10040389]
28. Pellis, A.; Guebitz, G.M.; Nyanhongo, G.S. Chitosan: Sources, processing and modification techniques. Gels; 2022; 8, 393. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8070393] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35877478]
29. Yang, Z.; Miao, H.; Rui, Z.; Ji, H. Enhanced formaldehyde removal from air using fully biodegradable chitosan grafted β-cyclodextrin absorbent with weak chemical interaction. Polymers; 2019; 11, 276. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020276]
30. Kumar, S.; Silva, J.A.E.; Wani, M.Y.; Gil, J.M.; Sobral, A.J.F.N. Carbon dioxide capture and conversion by an environmentally friendly chitosan based meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2017; 175, pp. 575-583. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.031] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28917903]
31. Irimia-Vladu, M. “Green” electronics: Biodegradable and biocompatible materials and devices for sustainable future. Chem. Soc. Rev.; 2014; 43, 588. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60235D]
32. Miao, J.; Liu, H.; Li, Y.; Zhang, X. Biodegradable transparent substrate based on edible starch-chitosan embedded with nature-inspired three-dimensionally interconnected conductive nanocomposites for wearable green electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces; 2018; 10, pp. 23037-23047. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04291]
33. Jin, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, K.; Chen, Y.; Liang, Z.; Xu, Y.; Xiao, F. Long-term stable silver nanowire transparent composite as bottom electrode for perovskite solar cells. Nano Res.; 2018; 11, pp. 1998-2011. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1816-8]
34. Zhang, K.; Xu, R.; Ge, W.; Qi, M.; Zhang, G.; Xu, Q.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y.; Wang, X. Electrostatically self-assembled chitosan derivatives working as efficient cathode interlayers for organic solar cells. Nano Energy; 2017; 34, pp. 164-171. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.02.022]
35. Du, B.; Hu, S.; Singh, R.; Tsai, T.; Lin, C.; Ko, F. Eco-friendly and biodegradable biopolymer chitosan/Y2O3 composite materials in flexible organic thin-film transistors. Materials; 2017; 10, 1026. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10091026] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869517]
36. Maliki, S.; Sharma, G.; Kumar, A.; Moral-Zamorano, M.; Moradi, O.; Baselga, J.; Stadler, F.J.; García-Peñas, A. Chitosan as a tool for sustainable development: A mini review. Polymers; 2022; 14, 1475. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071475] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35406347]
37. Hameed, A.Z.; Raj, S.A.; Kandasamy, J.; Baghdadi, M.A.; Shahzad, M.A. Chitosan: A sustainable material for multifarious applications. Polymers; 2022; 14, 2335. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122335]
38. Kostag, M.; Seoud, O.A.E. Sustainable biomaterials based on cellulose, chitin and chitosan composites—A review. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl.; 2021; 2, 100079. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100079]
39. Klongthong, W.; Muangsin, V.; Gowanit, C.; Muangsin, N. Chitosan biomedical applications for the treatment of viral diseases: A data mining model using bibliometric predictive intelligence. J. Chem.; 2020; 2020, 6612034. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6612034]
40. Martău, G.A.; Mihai, M.; Vodnar, D.C. The use of chitosan, alginate, and pectin in the biomedical and food sector—Biocompatibility, bioadhesiveness, and biodegradability. Polymers; 2019; 11, 1837. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111837]
41. Ranjan, N. Chitosan with PVC polymer for biomedical applications: A bibliometric analysis. Mater. Today Proc.; 2023; in press, [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.274]
42. Crini, G. Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review. Bioresour. Technol.; 2006; 97, pp. 1061-1085. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.001] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15993052]
43. Boateng, J.S.; Matthews, K.H.; Stevens, H.N.E.; Eccleston, G.M. Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review. J. Pharm. Sci.; 2008; 97, pp. 2892-2923. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21210] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17963217]
44. Chiari, W.; Damayanti, R.; Harapan, H.; Puspita, K.; Saiful, S.; Rahmi, R.; Rizki, D.R.; Iqhrammullah, M. Trend of polymer research related to COVID-19 pandemic: A bibliometric analysis. Polymers; 2022; 14, 3297. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163297]
45. Hussin, M.S.F.; Serah, A.M.; Azlan, K.A.; Abdullah, H.Z.; Idris, M.I.; Ghazali, I.; Shariff, A.H.M.; Huda, N.; Zakaria, A.A. A bibliometric analysis of the global trend of using alginate, gelatine, and hydroxyapatite for bone tissue regeneration applications. Polymers; 2021; 13, 647. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040647] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33671617]
46. Sanchez-Ledesma, L.M.; Ramírez-Malule, H.; Rodríguez-Victoria, A. Volatile fatty acids production by acidogenic fermentation of wastewater: A bibliometric analysis. Sustainability; 2023; 15, 2370. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032370]
47. Cucari, N.; Tutore, I.; Montera, R.; Profita, S. A bibliometric performance analysis of publication productivity in the corporate social responsibility field: Outcomes of SciVal analytics. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ.; 2023; 30, pp. 1-16. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.2346]
48. Tiberius, V.; Rietz, M.; Bouncken, R.B. Performance analysis and science mapping for institutional entrepreneurship research. Adm. Sci.; 2020; 10, 69. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030069]
49. Pan, Y.; Yin, C.; Fernandez, C.; Fu, L.; Lin, C. A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers; 2022; 14, 3011. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153011]
50. Akinpelu, E.A.; Nchu, F. A bibliometric analysis of research trends in biodegradation of plastics. Polymers; 2022; 14, 2642. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132642]
51. Jimma, B.L. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: A bibliometric analysis. Telemat. Inform. Rep.; 2023; 9, 100041. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2023.100041]
52. Umar, E.; Ikram, M.; Haider, J.; Nabgan, W.; Haider, A.; Imran, M.; Nazir, G. A state-of-the-art review on carbon quantum dots: Prospective, advances, zebrafish biocompatibility and bioimaging in vivo and bibliometric analysis. Sustain. Mater. Technol.; 2023; 35, e00529. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2022.e00529]
53. Ali, S.; Alam, B.F.; Rehman, S.U.; Ahmad, S.; Iqbal, K.; Farooq, I. Global research on dental polymer and its application: A bibliometric analysis and knowledge mapping. Saudi Dent. J.; 2023; in press.
54. Mörschbächer, A.P.; Granada, C.E. Mapping the worldwide knowledge of antimicrobial substances produced by Lactobacillus spp.: A bibliometric analysis. Biochem. Eng. J.; 2022; 180, 108343. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2022.108343]
55. Herrera-Franco, G.; Montalván-Burbano, N.; Carrión-Mero, P.; Jaya-Montalvo, M.; Gurumendi-Noriega, M. Worldwide research gap on geoparks through bibliometric analysis. Sustainability; 2021; 13, 1175. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031175]
56. Lam, W.H.; Lam, W.S.; Lee, P.F. The studies on gallium nitride-based materials: A bibliometric analysis. Materials; 2023; 16, 401. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010401] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36614740]
57. Sharun, K.; Musa, T.H.; Musa, H.H.; Kumar, R.; Pawde, A.M.; Chandra, V.; Tuli, H.S.; Dhama, K.; Amarpal,; Sharma, G.T. Mapping global trends in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell research: A bibliometric analysis using Scopus database. Ann. Med. Surg.; 2022; 77, 103542. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103542]
58. Donthu, N.; Kumar, S.; Pandey, N.; Pandey, N.; Mishra, A. Mapping the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) research: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis. J. Bus. Res.; 2021; 135, pp. 758-773. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.015]
59. Madadin, M.; Siddique, N.; Waris, A.; Khan, M.A.; Albarbari, H.S.; Atreya, A.; Sabri, I.; Owaidah, S.F.; Menezes, R.G. Research trends in forensic anthropology: A bibliometric analysis. J. Forensic Leg. Med.; 2022; 86, 102305. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102305]
60. Soh, A.; Puah, C.; Arip, M.A. A bibliometric analysis on tourism sustainable competitiveness research. Sustainability; 2023; 15, 1035. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021035]
61. Lam, W.H.; Lam, W.S.; Jaaman, S.H.; Lee, P.F. Bibliometric analysis on information theoretic studies. Entropy; 2022; 24, 1359. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101359]
62. Liu, H.; Huang, Y.; Lu, S.; Yuan, D.; Liu, J. Global trends of lipid metabolism research in epigenetics field: A bibliometric analysis from 2012-2021. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health; 2023; 20, 2382. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032382]
63. Kohn, P.M. Shellfish wastes vie for cpi role. Chem. Eng.; 1976; 83, pp. 107-109.
64. Koh, I.; Shin, S.; Lee, Y. Enhanced dissolution rates of piroxicam from the ground mixtures with chitin or chitosan. Arch. Pharm. Res.; 1986; 9, pp. 55-61. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02857708]
65. Machida, Y.; Nagai, T.; Abe, M.; Sannan, T. Use of chitosan and hydroxypropylchitosan in drug formulations to effect sustained release. Drug Des. Deliv.; 1986; 1, pp. 119-130. [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3509325]
66. Kumari, A.; Yadav, S.K.; Yadav, S.C. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces; 2010; 75, pp. 1-18. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.001]
67. Bhattarai, N.; Gunn, J.; Zhang, M. Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled, localized drug delivery. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev.; 2010; 62, pp. 83-99. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.019]
68. Hirano, S.; Seino, H.; Akiyama, Y.; Nonaka, I. Chitosan: A biocompatible material for oral and intravenous administrations. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. Proc. ACS Div. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng.; 1988; 59, pp. 897-901.
69. Elsevier. Scopus Content Coverage Guide. Available online: https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/69451/Scopus_ContentCoverage_Guide_WEB.pdf (accessed on 18 March 2023).
70. García, J.A.; Rodriguez-Sánchez, R.; Fdez-Valdivia, J. Ranking of the subject areas of Scopus. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol.; 2011; 62, pp. 2013-2023. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21589]
71. Liu, L.; Edgar, J.H. Substrates for gallium nitride epitaxy. Mater Sci. Eng. R Rep.; 2022; 37, pp. 61-127. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00008-6]
72. Abdullah,; Khan, M.N. Determining mobile payment adoption: A systematic literature search and bibliometric analysis. Cogent. Bus. Manag.; 2021; 8, 1893245. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1893245]
73. Lam, W.S.; Lee, P.F.; Lam, W.H. Cellulose nanofiber for sustainable production: A bibliometric analysis. Mater. Today Proc.; 2022; 62, pp. 6460-6467. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.198]
74. Khor, E.; Lim, L.Y. Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Biomaterials; 2003; 24, pp. 2339-2349. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7]
75. Madihally, S.V.; Matthew, H.W.T. Porous chitosan sca!olds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials; 1999; 20, pp. 1133-1142. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00011-3] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382829]
76. Chenite, A.; Chaput, C.; Wang, D.; Combes, C.; Buschmann, M.D.; Hoemann, C.D.; Leroux, J.C.; Atkinson, B.L.; Binette, F.; Selmani, A. Novel injectable neutral solutions of chitosan form biodegradable gels in situ. Biomaterials; 2000; 21, pp. 2155-2161. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00116-2]
77. des Rieux, A.; Fievez, V.; Garinot, M.; Schneider, Y.; Préat, V. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach. J. Control. Release; 2006; 116, pp. 1-27. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.013]
78. Li, Y.; Rodrigues, J.; Tomás, H. Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels: Gelation, biodegradation and biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev.; 2012; 41, pp. 2193-2221. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1CS15203C]
79. Klouda, L. Thermoresponsive hydrogels in biomedical applications A seven-year update. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.; 2015; 97, pp. 338-349. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.017]
80. Jiang, J.; Lyu, W.; Chen, N. A bibliometric analysis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma research from 2001 to 2020. Comput. Biol. Med.; 2022; 146, 105565. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105565]
81. Kumar, R.; Ranwa, S.; Kumar, G. Biodegradable flexible substrate based on chitosan/PVP blend polymer for disposable electronics device applications. J. Phys. Chem. B; 2020; 124, pp. 149-155. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08897]
82. Li, W.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Li, C.; He, Z.; Choy, W.C.H.; Low, P.J.; Sonar, P.; Kyaw, A.K.K. Biodegradable materials and green processing for green electronics. Adv. Mat.; 2020; 32, 2001591. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001591]
83. Ni, J.; Huang, X.; Bai, Y.; Zhao, B.; Han, Y.; Han, S.; Xu, T.; Si, C.; Zhang, C. Resistance to aggregation-caused quenching: Chitosan-based solid carbon dots for white light-emitting diode and 3D printing. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater.; 2022; 5, pp. 1865-1875. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00483-6]
84. Lee, S.; Kim, S.; Bang, W.; Yuk, H. Chitosan enhances antibacterial efficacy of 405 nm light-emitting diode illumination against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. on fresh-cut melon. Food Res. Int.; 2023; 164, 112372. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112372]
85. Guo, S.; Wang, H.; Sui, Y.; Liu, X.; Tan, L. Bioactive extracts and association with C and N in Eleutherococcus senticosus subjected to chitosan nanoparticles in contrasting light spectra. PLoS ONE; 2022; 17, e0277233. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277233]
86. Yang, S.; Wu, G.; Song, J.; Hu, B. Preparation of chitosan-based asymmetric electrodes by co-imprinting technology for simultaneous electro-adsorption of multi-radionuclides. Sep. Purif. Technol.; 2022; 297, 121568. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121568]
87. Liu, M.; Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, X. Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR using chitosan (CTS)-modified cellulose fibers and ferric chloride. Sep. Purif. Technol.; 2023; 308, 122889. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122889]
88. Ahankari, S.S.; Mohanty, A.K.; Misra, M. Nanomaterials from Renewable Resources for Emerging Applications; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2023.
89. Ahghari, M.A.; Ahghari, M.R.; Kamalzare, M.; Maleki, A. Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel eco-friendly chitosan-AgIO3 bionanocomposite and study its antibacterial activity. Sci. Rep.; 2022; 12, 10491. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14501-6]
90. Zhang, Y.; Guo, X.; Liao, S.; Wu, D.; Lv, P.; Wei, Q. Multi-scale structure synergistic strategy: A transpiration inspired hierarchical aerogel evaporator for highly efficient solar-driven clean water production. J. Environ. Chem. Eng.; 2022; 10, 107934. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107934]
91. Grba, N.; Baldermann, A.; Dietzel, M. Novel green technology for wastewater treatment: Geo-material/geopolymer applications for heavy metal removal from aquatic media. Int. J. Sediment Res.; 2023; 38, pp. 33-48. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2022.08.002]
92. Wei, Y.; Chen, T.; Qiu, Z.; Liu, H.; Xia, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zou, R.; Liu, C. Enhanced lead and copper removal in wastewater by adsorption onto magnesium oxide homogeneously embedded hierarchical porous biochar. Bioresour. Technol.; 2022; 365, 128146. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128146]
93. Mittal, H.; Alili, A.A.; Alhassan, S.M.; Naushad, M. Advances in the role of natural gums-based hydrogels in water purification, desalination and atmospheric-water harvesting. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.; 2022; 222, pp. 2888-2921. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.067]
94. Sheng, K.; Tian, M.; Wang, J.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, Y. Molecular architecting of photothermal hydrogels reinforced by polar-porous C2NxO1−x for efficient solar water purification. Desalination; 2022; 541, 116060. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.116060]
95. Baigorria, E.; Fraceto, L.F. Low-cost biosorbent hybrid hydrogels for paraquat remediation of water. J. Water Process Eng.; 2022; 49, 103088. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103088]
96. Vinayagam, V.; Murugan, S.; Kumaresan, R.; Narayanan, M.; Sillanpää, M.; Vo, D.V.N.; Kushwaha, O.S.; Jenis, P.; Potdar, P.; Gadiya, S. Sustainable adsorbents for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: A review. Chemosphere; 2022; 300, 134597. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134597]
97. Wang, Q.; Li, L.; Kong, L.; Cai, G.; Wang, P.; Zhang, J.; Zuo, W.; Tian, Y. Compressible amino-modified carboxymethyl chitosan aerogel for efficient Cu(II) adsorption from wastewater. Sep. Purif. Technol.; 2022; 293, 121146. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121146]
98. Mujtaba, M.; Lipponen, J.; Ojanen, M.; Puttonen, S.; Vaittinen, H. Trends and challenges in the development of bio-based barrier coating materials for paper/cardboard food packaging: A review. Sci. Total Environ.; 2022; 851, 158328. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158328] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36037892]
99. Szymańska, E.; Winnicka, K. Stability of chitosan—A challenge for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Mar. Drugs; 2015; 13, pp. 1819-1846. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md13041819] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25837983]
100. Yuan, Y.; Chesnutt, B.M.; Haggard, W.O.; Bumgardner, J.D. Deacetylation of chitosan: Material characterization and in vitro evaluation via albumin absorption and pre-osteoblastic cell cultures. Materials; 2011; 4, pp. 1399-1416. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma4081399]
101. Younes, I.; Rinaudo, M. Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Mar. Drugs; 2015; 13, pp. 1133-1174. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md13031133]
102. William, W.; Wid, N. Comparison of extraction sequence on yield and physicochemical characteristic of chitosan from shrimp shell waste. J. Phys. Conf. Ser.; 2019; 1358, 012002. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1358/1/012002]
103. Chen, W.; Yue, L.; Jiang, Q.; Xia, W. Effect of chitosan with different molecular weight on the stability, antioxidant and anticancer activities of well-dispersed selenium nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol.; 2019; 13, pp. 30-35. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5052] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30964034]
104. Nawrotek, K.; Tylman, M.; Adamus-Włodarczyk, A.; Rudnicka, K.; Gatkowska, J.; Wieczorek, M.; Wach, R. Influence of chitosan average molecular weight on degradation and stability of electrodeposited conduits. Carbohydr. Polym.; 2020; 244, 116484. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116484] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32536389]
105. Jhundoo, H.D.; Siefen, T.; Liang, A.; Schmidt, C.; Lokhnauth, J.; Béduneau, A.; Pellequer, Y.; Larsen, C.C.; Lamprecht, A. Anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan and 5-amino salicylic acid combinations in experimental colitis. Pharmaceutics; 2020; 12, 1038. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111038]
106. Vasilyev, A.V.; Kuznetsova, V.S.; Bukharova, T.B.; Grigoriev, T.E.; Zagoskin, Y.D.; Nedorubova, I.A.; Babichenko, I.I.; Chvalun, S.N.; Goldstein, D.V.; Kulakov, A.A. Influence of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan and BMP-2 concentration on biocompatibility and osteogenic properties of BMP-2/PLA granule-loaded chitosan/β-glycerophosphate hydrogels. Molecules; 2021; 26, 261. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020261] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33430198]
107. Dongre, R.S. Chitosan formulations: Chemistry, characteristics and contextual adsorption in unambiguous modernization of S&T. Hysteresis of Composites; Li, L. IntechOpen: London, UK, 2019.
108. Murray, C.A.; Dutcher, J.R. Effect of changes in relative humidity and temperature on ultrathin chitosan films. Biomacromolecules; 2006; 7, pp. 3460-3465. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm060416q] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17154475]
109. Kim, K.; Kim, K.; Ryu, J.H.; Lee, H. Chitosan-catechol: A polymer with long-lasting mucoadhesive properties. Biomaterials; 2015; 52, pp. 161-170. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.010]
110. Ways, T.M.M.; Lau, W.M.; Khutoryanskiy, V.V. Chitosan and its derivatives for application in mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Polymers; 2018; 10, 267. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10030267]
111. Collado-González, M.; González Espinosa, Y.; Goycoolea, F.M. Interaction between chitosan and mucin: Fundamentals and applications. Biomimetics; 2019; 4, 32. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4020032]
112. Croisier, F.; Jérôme, C. Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering. Eur. Polym. J.; 2013; 49, pp. 780-792. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009]
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Details
; Lam, Weng Hoe
; Lee, Pei Fun