Safety of water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Abstract

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Water lentil protein concentrate is produced from two water lentil species (L. gibba and L. minor) by separation of the protein fraction of the plant material from fibres, followed by pasteurisation and spray drying. The NF consists mainly of protein, fibre, fat and ash. The applicant proposed to use the NF as a food ingredient in a variety of food categories and as a food supplement. The target population is the general population when used as a food ingredient and exclusively adults when used as a food supplement. The Panel considers that taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. There are no concerns regarding genotoxicity of the NF. The Panel considers that the risk of the NF triggering allergic reactions is low. The Panel concludes that the NF, water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of L. gibba and L. minor, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

Introduction

Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor

On 28 December 2018, the company ABC Kroos BV submitted a request to the European Commission in accordance with Article 10 of Regulation (EU) No 2015/22831 to place water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor on the Union market as a novel food (NF).

The novel food is proposed for use in a number of food categories and is intended for the general population.

In accordance with Article 10(3) of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, the European Commission asks the European Food Safety Authority to provide a scientific opinion on water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of L. gibba and L. minor.

Additional information

The NDA Panel assessed previously the safety of two water lentil powders as NFs produced from different water lentil species. In particular, the Panel assessed the safety of the water lentil powder from Lemnaceae intended for consumption as food ingredient and food supplement (EFSA NDA Panel, 2021a). The NF is produced from species of the Lemna genus (70–100%) and the Wolffia genus (0–30%). In addition, the Panel assessed the safety of the Wolffia globosa powder intended for consumption as food ingredient and food supplement (EFSA NDA Panel, 2021b), which consists exclusively of W. globosa species. In the above-mentioned scientific opinions, the Panel concluded that the increase in manganese intake from the NF was substantial as compared to the background manganese dietary intake, and consequently, the safety of water lentil powder from Lemnaceae and W. globosa powder could not be established.

Moreover, the NDA Panel has assessed the safety of the heat-treated L. minor and L. gibba whole plant material as NF (EFSA NDA Panel, 2022). In its scientific opinion, the Panel concluded that the heat-treated L. minor and L. gibba whole plant material, in consideration of its proposed uses and the concentration of manganese as compared to the normally present concentration of manganese in other leafy vegetables, may be of safety concern, and that therefore, the safety of the heat-treated L. minor and L. gibba whole plant material could not be established.

Furthermore, EFSA assessed previously the safety of Wolffia arrhiza and W. globosa as a traditional food (TF) from a third country (EFSA, 2021). The TF consists of fresh plants belonging to the species W. arrhiza and W. globosa, which have been consumed for more than 25 years in Asia (Myanmar, Laos and Thailand). In its technical report, EFSA did not raise any duly reasoned safety objection.

Data and methodologies

Data

The safety assessment of this NF is based on data supplied in the application and information submitted by the applicant following EFSA's requests for supplementary information. During the assessment, the Panel identified additional data that were not included in the application.

Administrative and scientific requirements for NF applications referred to in Article 10 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 are listed in the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/24692.

A common and structured format on the presentation of NF applications is described in the EFSA guidance on the preparation and presentation of a NF application (EFSA NDA Panel, 2016). As indicated in this guidance, it is the duty of the applicant to provide all of the available (proprietary, confidential and published) scientific data, (including both data in favour and not in favour) that are pertinent to the safety of the NF.

This NF application includes a request for protection of proprietary data in accordance with Article 26 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The data requested by the applicant to be protected comprise: compositional data, stability data, ileal digestion analysis, proteomic analysis, endophytic bacteria screening analyses, bacterial reverse mutation test (Vértesi, 2021), in vitro micronucleus test (Fekete, 2021).

Methodologies

The assessment follows the methodology set out in the EFSA guidance on NF applications (EFSA NDA Panel, 2016) and the principles described in the relevant existing guidance documents from the EFSA Scientific Committee. The legal provisions for the assessment are laid down in Article 11 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and in Article 7 of the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2469.

Additional information that was not included in the application was retrieved by literature search following a search strategy and standard operating procedure as described by Dibusz and Vejvodova (2020).

This assessment concerns only the risks that might be associated with consumption of the NF under the proposed conditions of use, and is not an assessment of the efficacy of the NF with regard to any claimed benefit.

Assessment

Introduction

In accordance with Article 3 of the NF Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, the NF falls under the category ‘food consisting of, isolated from or produced from plants and their parts’.

The NF, which is the subject of the application, is water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of L. gibba and L. minor (Lemna protein concentrate) obtained after separation of the protein fraction of the plant material from fibres. The protein content of the NF is approximately 64%, and fibre, fat and ash account for 11%, 8% and 6% of its composition, respectively. The NF is proposed to be used as an ingredient in a variety of food products and as a food supplement. The target population is the general population when used as a food ingredient and adults for food supplements.

Identity of the NF

The NF is a protein concentrate produced from a mixture of two water lentil species, namely L. gibba and L. minor. L. gibba and L. minor are 2 out of the 38 species of water lentils, which are monocotyledonous aquatic plants represented by species of five genera (i.e. Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella and Wolffia) belonging to the Araceae family (Cabrera et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2010). Water lentil species are reproduced predominantly via asexual reproduction, i.e. budding, and they are distributed throughout wide geographic areas and climatic zones (Leng et al., 1995; Cao et al., 2018). The NF is a green powder that is extracted from a mixture of plant species of > 70% L. gibba and < 30% L. minor, respectively. The identification of the plant species is performed by visual inspection based on macroscopic characteristics.

Production process

According to the information provided, the NF is produced in line with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP, FSSC 22000) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles.

The cultivation of Lemna plants used for the production of the NF (i.e. L. gibba and L. minor) is carried out in basins in greenhouses without using pesticides. Following a request from EFSA to improve microbiological quality and to control growth of algae, yeasts and fungi, the applicant introduced water filtering and UV treatment of the cultivation water. Moreover, the nutrient concentrations in the water, the pH and temperature of the water in which Lemna plants are grown are monitored during the entire period of the cultivation of water lentils and the pH is kept within a range of 5.5–6.5. The applicant noted that Lemna plants used for the production of the NF samples are cultivated in the Netherlands between April and November. Lemna plants are processed in batches using a dedicated biorefinery pilot plant. The plants are washed with tap water prior to processing. The protein content of Lemna plant material is extracted from whole plants with water under alkaline conditions. The protein fraction initially is separated mechanically from insoluble fibres, and then precipitated under acidic conditions. Coagulated protein (protein gel) is separated from the liquid mechanically. The protein gel is stored awaiting further processing. The final product, in powder form, is obtained by pasteurisation and spray drying. Food grade bags or containers are used to pack and store the NF.

The Panel considers that the production process is sufficiently described and does not raise safety concerns.

Compositional data

The NF is the protein concentrate from L. gibba (70–100%) and L. minor (0–30%) and is composed on average of 64% protein, 11% fibre, 8% fat and 6% ash.

In order to confirm that the manufacturing process is reproducible and adequate to produce on a commercial scale, a product with the required characteristics, compositional data of the NF were provided for several independently produced batches. The samples were obtained from Lemna plants cultivated from 7 to 13 days and collected within the span of 5 months (i.e. from July until the end of November).

Further to proximate parameters (Table 1), nutritionally relevant components and other naturally occurring compounds were quantitatively characterised in the NF (i.e. vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, carotenoids and antinutritional factors).

Table 1 Batch-to-batch proximate analysis of five batches of the NF

Parameter (%)	Batch number	Method of analysis
#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Moisture	6.2	4.9	4.3	3.9	4.4	Gravimetry; Regulation (EC) No 152/20093, Annex III, Method A
Protein (N × 6.25)	62.1	62.5	63.7	63.0	64.5	Titrimetry; (Kjeldahl) ISO 8968-1
Fat	10.2	9.4	9.8	10.6	8.1	Gravimetry; Regulation (EC) No 152/20093, Annex III, Method H
Ash	4.8	5.3	5.6	6.0	5.2	Gravimetry; Regulation (EC) No 152/20093, Annex III, Method M
Total sugars (as glucose)	< 0.1	< 0.1	< 0.1	< 0.1	< 0.1	Titrimetry; NEN 3571
Insoluble fibre	15	8.7	7.3	12	9.6	Gravimetry; AOAC 991.43
Soluble fibre	1.4	1.3	1.2	1.7	1.3	Gravimetry; AOAC 991.43

Analytical data on the mineral content of the NF, including trace elements and heavy metals were initially provided by the applicant for the same five representative batches (batches #1–#5, data not shown). Several trace elements were found in high concentrations in the final product. Upon request from EFSA to reduce concentrations of several trace elements in the NF, the applicant modified the fertiliser composition, standardised the pH range (5.5–6.5) of the water in which Lemna plants are grown and introduced a washing step with tap water after harvesting. Therefore, compositional data for proximates and minerals were provided for additional five batches (batches #6–#10) produced under the modified cultivation conditions (Table 2).

Table 2 Proximates and concentration of minerals and trace elements in five batches of the NF produced from plants cultivated in water kept in a pH range of 5.5–6.5

Parameters	Unit	Batch	Method of analysis
#6	#7	#8	#9	#10
Moisture	%	4.6	2.1	5.7	3.7	4.4	Gravimetry; Regulation (EC) No 152/20093, Annex III, Method A
Protein (N × 6.25)	%	62.8	63.0	62.9	67.8	62.5	Titrimetry; (Kjeldahl) ISO 8968-1
Fat	%	2.8	6.0	5.7	7.3	5.3	Gravimetry; Regulation (EC) No 152/20093, Annex III, Method H
Ash	%	9.7	9.9	5.2	4.1	5.7	Gravimetry; Regulation (EC) No 152/20093, Annex III, Method M
Insoluble fibre	%	5.9	7.2	9.9	9.0	9.7	Gravimetry; AOAC 991.43
Soluble fibre	%	2.5	2.6	1.3	1.5	1.3	Gravimetry; AOAC 991.43
Calcium	mg/kg	4,800	4,900	5,700	2,300	2,300	ICP-OES; NEN-EN 5510:2007 en
Iron	mg/kg	350	350	420	360	350	ICP-OES; NEN-EN 5510:2007 en
Potassium	mg/kg	11,900	10,200	9,100	5,800	11,800	ICP-OES; NEN-EN 5510:2007 en
Copper	mg/kg	9.5	8.1	< 3	< 3	< 3	ICP-OES; NEN-EN 5510:2007 en
Magnesium	mg/kg	1,060	1,090	1,020	740	1,120	ICP-OES; NEN-EN 5510:2007 en
Manganese	mg/kg	79	97	51	40	50	ICP-OES; NEN-EN 5510:2007 en
Boron	mg/kg	7.4	4.6	2.8	2.8	2.7	ICP-MS; prEN 15763: 2008
Molybdenum	mg/kg	36.0	39.0	16.1	16.0	15.7	ICP-MS; prEN 15763: 2008
Zinc	mg/kg	41	22	37	28	43	ICP-OES; NEN-EN 5510:2007 en

Regarding information on vitamin content in the NF, the applicant provided analytical data on the concentration of vitamins in the five batches initially submitted (batches #1–#5), which are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Vitamin content of five batches of the NF

Parameter	Unit	Batch number	Method of analysis
#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Thiamin	mg/100 g	0.01	< 0.05	0.24	< 0.05	0.15	HPLC–MS/MS; in-house
Riboflavin	mg/100 g	0.97	0.69	0.75	0.97	1.2	HPLC-MS/MS; in-house
Nicotinamide + Nicotinic acid	mg/100 g	1.8	1.7	1.0	9.0	9.0	HPLC-MS/MS; in-house
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxamine + Pyridoxal + Pyridoxine)	mg/100 g	0.48	0.48	0.39	0.40	0.47	HPLC-MS/MS; in-house
Cobalamin	μg/100 g	6.62	3.14	5.88	7.33	17.7	HPLC-UV; AOAC: 1990 vol II 952.20 Cobalamin pag. 1082–1083
Ascorbic acid	mg/100 g	0.4	0.4	< 0.2	1.1	0.7	HPLC-FLU; NEN-EN 14130
Vitamin D3	μg/100 g	< 2.0	2.6	7.0	15.8	33.7	HPLC-MS/MS; mod. ISO 14892:2002
Vitamin E (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol)	mg/100 g	33.5	21.8	13.9	20.3	11.1	HPLC-FLU; NEN-EN 12822
Biotin	μg/100 g	13.0	13.4	11.7	13.5	13.2	HPLC-MS/MS; in-house
Phylloquinone	mg/100 g	14.5	14.0	11.7	12.2	11.4	HPLC-MS/MS; in-house

Moreover, the concentration of a number of carotenoids in the NF was investigated in the five batches that were initially produced (batches #1–#5). In particular, the concentration of β-carotene ranged from 239 to 621 mg/kg and that of xanthophylls ranged from 1330 to 2130 mg/kg of which were 1050–1650 mg/kg lutein and 40–54 mg/kg zeaxanthin.

The amino acid profile of the NF was investigated in the initially produced batches #1–#5 (Appendix A).

The fatty acid profile of the NF was also reported for five batches of the NF (batches #1–#5). In total, 64 fatty acids were measured with α-linolenic acid being the most predominant (average concentration 34.7% of the fat) followed by palmitic acid (18.8% of the fat), linoleic acid (12.5% of the fat) and ante-isopalmitic acid (10% of the fat). The fraction of the saturated fatty acids was calculated at 40.6% of the fat. The unsaturated fatty acids were 59.4% of the fat, from which 4.6% consisted of monounsaturated (MUFA), 54.1% of polyunsaturated (PUFA) and 0.7% of trans-fatty acids.

The presence of antinutritional factors (i.e. oxalic acid, phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors and tannins) was reported in five batches of the NF (batches #1–#5) as presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Concentration of antinutrients in five batches of the NF

Parameter	Unit	Batch number	Method of analysis
#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Phytic acid	g/100 g	0.05	0.04	0.09	0.15	0.27	Spectrophotometric analysis; in-house
Oxalic acid	g/100 g	0.148	0.189	0.087	0.085	0.082	GLC-FID; in-house
Trypsin inhibitor	mg/kg	< 0.3	< 0.3	< 0.3	< 0.3	0.35	Spectrophotometric analysis; in-house
Tannins	g/100 g	3.13	3.13	3.13	3.13	6.25	Spectrophotometric analysis; in-house

The applicant provided also analytical data for five batches of the NF on microbiological parameters (batches #11–#16) and other contaminants (i.e. dioxins, cyanotoxins, mycotoxins, nitrates and the process contaminant lysino-alanine) (batches #1–#5).

The applicant provided batch to batch testing for microbiological parameters in the initially submitted five batches (batches #1–#5, data not shown). Several microbiological parameters were found in high concentrations. Upon request from EFSA to improve the microbiological quality, the applicant modified the production process by adding a step of filtering and UV treatment of the water in which Lemna plants are cultivated. The applicant provided microbiological parameters for six additional batches (batches #11–#16) of the NF produced following the updated production process (Table 5). The Panel noted that for total colony counts two batches of the NF (batches #11 and #13) were above specification limits (Table 6).

Table 5 Microbiological parameters in six additional representative samples of the NF

Parameter	Unit	Batch number	Method of analysis
#11	#12	#13	#14	#15	#16
Aerobic plate count	CFU/g	1.4 × 104	220	2 × 104	300	240	380	Pour plate and spiral plate technique; NEN-EN-ISO-4833 1 EN 2
Bacillus cereus plate count	CFU/g	< 40	< 40	< 10	< 40	< 10	< 10	Spread plate technique; NEN-EN-ISO-7932
Clostridium perfringens plate count	CFU/g	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	Pour plate or spiral plate technique; NEN-EN-ISO-7937
Coagulase-positive Staphylococci plate count	CFU/g	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	Pour plate or spiral plate technique; NEN-EN-ISO 6888-2
Coliforms	CFU/g	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	Pour plate or spiral plate technique; NEN-ISO-4832
Enterobacteriaceae plate count (no confirmation)	CFU/g	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	Pour plate or spiral plate technique; NEN-ISO 21528-2
Escherichia coli plate count	CFU/g	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	Pour plate or spiral plate technique; NEN-EN-ISO 16649-2
Listeria monocytogenes	/25 g	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Detection method; NEN-EN-ISO 11290-1
Moulds plate count	CFU/g	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	Pour plate or spiral plate technique; ISO-7954: 1987 + ISO-7954: 1988
Salmonella	/25 g	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Not detected	Detection method; ISO-6579
Yeasts plate count	CFU/g	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	< 10	Pour plate or spiral plate technique; ISO-7954: 1987 + ISO-7954: 1988

Table 6 Specifications of the NF

Description: The NF is a protein concentrate produced from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor. The manufacturing process involves protein separation from insoluble fibres, and then precipitation of this protein fraction. Appearance: green powder
Source: Lemna gibba (70–100%) and Lemna minor (0–30%)
Parameter	Specifications
Moisture	1.5–8%
Protein (N × 6.25)	60–75%
Ash	4–12%
Fat	2–11%
Fibre	6–17%
Carotenoids
β-Carotene	< 755 mg/kg
Vitamins
Phylloquinone	< 16 mg/100 g
Minerals
Boron	< 10 mg/kg
Copper	< 12 mg/kg
Molybdenum	< 40 mg/kg
Iron	< 670 mg/kg
Zinc	< 50 mg/kg
Manganese	< 100 mg/kg
Heavy metals
Arsenic	< 0.2 mg/kg
Lead	< 0.3 mg/kg
Cadmium	< 0.2 mg/kg
Mercury	< 0.1 mg/kg
Antinutritional factors
Oxalic acid	< 1,900 mg/kg
Contaminants
Lysino-alanine	< 500 mg/kg bound LAL + < 10 mg/kg free LAL
Cyanotoxins (Microcystins-/Nodularin)	< 0.19 mg/kg
Nitrate	< 3,000 mg/kg
Microbiological
Total colony count	< 104 CFU/g
Bacillus cereus	< 100 CFU/g
Clostridium perfringens	< 100 CFU/g
Coagulase-positive Staphylococci	< 100 CFU/g
Escherichia coli	< 10 CFU/g
Enterobacteriaceae	< 10 CFU/g
Listeria monocytogenes	Not detected in 25 g
Salmonella spp.	Not detected in 25 g
Yeasts and moulds	< 10 CFU/g

Nitrate was measured in the initial five batches (batches #1–#5) and found in a range of 3310–5280 mg/kg. Following a request from EFSA to provide rationale for this high nitrate content in the NF, the applicant stated that the production process was modified and a washing step of the plant material with tap water was introduced that removes adherent cultivation water. Therefore, the applicant provided additional analytical data for nitrate content in five batches (batches #6–#10) in which the nitrate concentration was found to range between 1600 and 2800 mg/kg.

Lysino-alanine concentration was measured in the NF. Lysino-alanine is a process contaminant formed upon alkaline/heat treatment of protein-containing products. The concentration of lysino-alanine in the NF, found in the range of 177–503 mg/kg, is similar or lower than the concentration reported in other food sources such as soy protein isolate (370–1300 mg/kg), eggs (160–1820 mg/kg) and sodium caseinate (430–6900 mg/kg) (1999).

Accumulation of toxins from cyanobacteria in water lentils may represent a risk to human health. In particular, microcystins have been reported to accumulate in Lemna and Wolffia species (Mitrovic et al., 2005; Saqrane et al., 2007). The potential presence of these toxins in the NF as a result of the hydroponic nature of the cultivation was assessed based on the concentrations of microcystins, nodularins, gonyautoxins, saxitoxin and anatoxin-a in the final product. None of the toxins tested in the NF was found above the limit of detection (LOD: 2.4–7.8 μg/kg for the different toxins).

Moreover, analyses were provided by the applicant for mycotoxins. All parameters analysed were found below limit of quantification (LOQ: 1–200 μg/kg for the different toxins) and below the regulatory limits established for similar food categories (Regulation (EC) No 1881/20064).

Pesticides were analysed in one batch of the NF and found below the limit of quantification of the GC–MS/MS method applied (i.e. < 0.01 mg/kg).

The applicant also provided data for dioxins, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in Lemna plants (5 batches). Dioxins were found to be on average 0.156 pg TEQ/g, DL-PCBs 0.065 pg TEQ/g and NDL-PCBs 3 ng/g (TEQ_WHO-2005, upper bound).

Based on literature data retrieved by EFSA (Kittiwongwattana and Thawai, 2015; Gilbert et al., 2018) reporting the presence of endophytic bacteria in water lentils and upon request from EFSA, the applicant provided experimental data on the presence of endophytic bacteria in five fresh water lentil batches using 16S rDNA sequencing and analysing the sequence against the validated MicroSEQ® library. In particular, the presence of bacteria of the genus Microbacterium was reported, however, these bacteria were not identified at species level. Microbacterium spp. has been associated with the production of indole alkaloids (Gilbert et al., 2018). The applicant, therefore, provided data on the concentration of indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole lactic acid (ILA) in the NF. Eleven batches of the NF and one fresh water lentil sample were analysed for IAA. For all samples, IAA was found to be below the maximum level of 0.1 mg/kg fresh weight set-out for similar foods (e.g. leaf vegetables) according to Regulation (EC) No 396/20055. ILA was measured in five batches of the NF and it was not detected.

The Panel considers that the information provided on the composition of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns.

Stability

The applicant performed stability testing with four independently produced batches of the NF under standard storage conditions. The tests were carried out at 25°C in dark sealed packages at 40–60% RH for a period of 6 months. The batches were analysed for microbiological stability and lipid oxidation over this period.

These studies showed no significant changes for the majority of the microbiological parameters tested after 1, 1.5 and 6 months. However, an increase in total colony counts was observed after 1 and 6 months and two batches of the NF (batches #1 and #2) exceeded the specification limit. The applicant noted that the batches with total colony count above the specification limits were produced under previous production process practices (the production facility was disinfected using chlorine bleach) whereas the other two batches (batches #3 and #4), produced following the production process as finally established (applying filtering and UV treatment of the water in which Lemna plants are cultivated), did not exceed specification limits for microbiological parameters. The applicant provided results for three additional batches on microbiological stability of the NF for 1.5 to 2.5 months under the storage conditions. Total colony counts for one out of the three batches (batches #12, #13 and #16) tested exceeded specification limits after 2.5 months of storage under normal conditions, however, it was noted that this batch was above specification limits also before storage (batch #13).

The applicant tested additionally the lipid oxidation of the same four batches of the NF, originally provided, for 1.5 and 6 months, based on the rationale that it consists of 9% of fat, of which 54.1% are PUFA, which are vulnerable for lipid oxidation. The testing was performed by analysing changes in the fatty acid profiles. The amount of trans fatty acids for the period tested was found lower than the maximum limit of 2% as proposed in the Regulation (EC) No 1925/20066. The applicant stated that the peroxide value was not determined due to the green colour of the product that interferes with measured oxidation markers.

The protein concentrate is intended to be added in different food categories including powdered drink bases, cereal bars, bread and rolls; therefore, the applicant provided, upon request from EFSA, data on stability testing performed under baking temperature and acidic conditions (pH 4). The NF was added in bread at 5% and was compared to bread with 5% of potato protein. The tomato soup was prepared to contain 1% of the NF and compared to tomato soup with 1% of potato protein under acidic pH conditions (pH 4.1–4.2). The formation of processing contaminants (i.e. acrylamide, furan, methylfurans and 3-MCPD) was determined in both bread and tomato soup. The amounts of processing contaminants found in both food commodities containing potato protein or the NF were below the limits of quantification [acrylamide < 150 μg/kg; furan < 10 μg/kg; methylfurans < 20 μg/kg]. 3-MCPD was found in amounts of 12 and 13 μg/kg in bread with the NF and potato protein, respectively, and below the limits of quantification in the tomato soup [LOQ < 10 μg/kg].

The Panel considers that the data provided sufficient information with respect to the stability of the NF for the shelf-life of 6 months proposed by the applicant.

Specifications

The specifications of the NF are presented in Table 6.

The Panel considers that the information provided on the specifications of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns.

History of use of the NF and/or of its source

History of use of the source

The consumption of water lentil species as protein source for humans is reported in several Asian countries and restricted to Wolffia species. In Thailand, W. globosa is available in local markets and sold rootless as vegetable with the local names khai nam, kai-pum or kai nhae (literally meaning: water-eggs) (Appenroth et al., 2018). Bhanthumnavin and McGarry reported that W. arrhiza, known as ‘khai-nam’ in Thailand, was consumed for many generations in Myanmar, Laos and Northern Thailand as protein source (Bhanthumnavin and McGarry, 1971). Further investigations performed on the plant traditionally consumed in the Eastern world suggest that this was W. globosa instead of W. arrhiza mentioned by Bhanthumnavin and McGarry (Appenroth et al., 2017). Along with its long history as a food source in Southeast Asia, it is recognised as an edible vegetable for humans in several databases, including the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2023) Germplasm Resources information Network (GRIN) database. The Panel noted that also L. gibba is reported in the GRIN database as edible vegetable for humans (USDA, 2023). Other databases classify Lemna and Wolffia species as edible plants based on book citations (e.g. Plants for future (pfaf.org), Useful Tropical Plants (tropical.theferns.info)).

Water lentil species have been used as feed for fish and poultry in Southeast Asia for centuries. Moreover, water lentils have been used in a number of feed trial studies as exclusive feed preparation, ingredient or replacement of common feed components (Goopy and Murray, 2003).

History of use of the NF

There is no history of use of the NF.

Proposed uses and use levels and anticipated intake

Target population

The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population when the NF is used as a food ingredient in several food categories (i.e. powdered drink bases, cereal bars, bread and rolls, Asian-style noodles). The target population is restricted to adults only for intake of the NF as a food supplement.

Proposed uses and use levels

The applicant intends to market the NF as ingredient to be added in a range of food categories, at maximum use levels as indicated in Table 7.

Table 7 Proposed uses and maximum use levels for water lentil protein concentrate using FoodEx2 categories

FoodEx2 Level	FoodEx2 code	Food Category	Maximum use level of the NF (g/100 g)
3	A00EY	Cereal bars	10
4	A005K	Bread and rolls with special ingredients added	1.7
4	A03GF	Powdered drink bases	20
5	A007R	Asian-style noodles other than glass noodles	6

The NF is also intended to be marketed as a food supplement, at a maximum daily intake of 1 g for individuals above 18 years old.

Anticipated intake of the NF

EFSA performed an intake assessment of the anticipated daily intake of the NF based on the applicant's proposed uses and maximum proposed use levels (Table 7), using the DietEx tool.7 The DietEx tool is based on individual data from EU dietary surveys (EFSA, 2011). The lowest and highest mean and 95th percentile estimated daily intake of the NF (on a mg/kg body weight (bw) basis), among the EU dietary surveys, are presented in Table 8. The highest intake was estimated for other children, at 55.6 mg/kg bw per day, at the 95th percentile.

Table 8 Intake estimate resulting from the use of the NF as an ingredient in the intended food categories at the maximum proposed use levels

Population group	Age (years)	Mean intake (mg/kg bw per day)	P95 intake (mg/kg bw per day)
Lowest(a)	Highest(a)	Lowest(b)	Highest(b)
Infants	< 1	0.08	3.4	0	24.1
Young children(c)	1 to < 3	0.60	13.9	0	47.7
Other children	3 to < 10	0.08	15.1	0	55.6
Adolescents	10 to < 18	0.04	8.5	0	46.6
Adults(d)	18 to < 65	4.1	4.1	30.0	30.0

The estimated daily intake of the NF for each population group from each EU dietary survey is available in the excel file annexed to this scientific opinion (under supporting information).

The applicant proposed a maximum daily intake for the NF from food supplements of 1 g for individuals above 18 years old. Based on the selected default weights by EFSA Scientific Committee (2012), the proposed maximum intake of the NF for adults considering a body weight of 70 kg corresponds to 14.3 mg/kg bw per day.

Combined intake of the NF

The NF is intended for use as a food ingredient (target population: general population) and as a food supplement (target population: adults); therefore, combined intake of the NF is considered only in adults. The combined exposure is calculated as the sum of the highest 95th percentile exposure and the maximum daily intake and reported in Table 9.

Table 9 Total intake of the NF resulting from its uses as an ingredient and as a food supplement

Population group	Age (years)	Body weight(a) (kg)	Highest(b) P95 intake from the NF used as an ingredient (mg/kg bw per day)	Intake from the NF used as a food supplement (mg/kg bw per day)(c)	Total intake(d) (mg/kg bw per day)
Infants	< 1	5	24.1	Not intended	24.1
Young children(e)	1 to < 3	12	47.7	Not intended	47.7
Other children	3 to < 10	23.1	55.6	Not intended	55.6
Adolescents	10 to < 18	43.4	46.6	Not intended	46.6
Adults	≥ 18	70	30.0(f)	14.3	44.3

Estimate of exposure to undesirable substances

Water lentils are known to take up and accumulate trace elements and contaminants from aquatic systems and therefore are considered as a suitable plant for phytoremediation (Landesman et al., 2010). In cases of uncontrolled cultivation conditions, and particularly when fertilisers, pesticides and other organic contaminants are present in high amounts in cultivation sites or in cases of algal/microbial contamination of the water, high concentration of contaminants or toxins in those plants may pose a potential risk for human health (Leng, 1999). However, the NF presented in this application was cultivated under controlled conditions (see Section 3.3).

EFSA calculated the intake of heavy metals and trace elements from the NF, which are highly dependent on the cultivation conditions, considering the specification levels for each element (Table 6) and estimated total daily intake of the NF (as food ingredient and food supplement) for all population groups (Table 9). The Panel considers that exposure to heavy metals and trace elements from the NF is not expected to exceed established maximum levels and upper levels for any population group taking into account background dietary intake (SCF/NDA, 2006). The assessment of the intake of manganese (Mn) from the NF, for which upper levels are not available, is provided in Section 3.9.

As accumulation of cyanobacteria toxins is reported in the literature (Mitrovic et al., 2005; Saqrane et al., 2007), exposure to microcystins from the NF was calculated using specifications for microcystins (< 0.19 mg/kg, Table 6) and estimated daily intake of the NF. The highest exposure to microcystins from the NF was calculated for children, resulting in 0.01 μg/kg bw per day, which is below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.04 μg/kg bw per day (WHO, 2020).

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)

The applicant provided data on digestion and protein bioavailability from the NF which are discussed in Section 3.9 on Nutritional information and Section 3.10.2 on Human data.

Nutritional information

The applicant provided information on nutritional parameters of the NF which consists of up to 75% protein, 17% fibre, 11% fat and 12% ash (Section 3.5 Specifications).

The indispensable amino acid content in the NF was presented in five batches of the NF (Appendix A). The concentrations of the indispensable amino acids in the NF protein were compared to those reported in commonly consumed food proteins (Friedman, 1996) and to the recommended amino acid scoring patterns from FAO (FAO, 2013) as shown in Table 10.

Table 10 Indispensable amino acid scoring

Parameter (g/100 g protein)	Average in 5 batches of the NF	Soy protein1	Beef1	Egg white1	Recommended amino acid scoring patterns for children (6 months to 3 years)2	Recommended amino acid scoring patterns for older children, adolescents and adults2
Histidine	2.1	2.54	3.20	2.25	2.0	1.6
Iso-Leucine	4.7	4.71	4.18	5.28	3.2	3.0
Leucine	9.1	8.51	7.75	8.76	6.6	6.1
Lysine	6.1	6.34	7.94	6.98	5.7	4.8
Tyrosine + Phenylalanine	10.2*	9.66	7.02	9.08	5.2	4.1
Threonine	4.4	3.84	4.21	4.68	3.1	2.5
Valine	6.0	4.91	4.54	6.78	4.3	4.0
Cysteine + Methionine	2.7*	6.81	3.27	6.64	2.7	2.3
Tryptophan	1.6	1.14	0.99	1.46	0.85	0.66

The applicant performed an in vitro ileal digestibility analysis with the NF produced exclusively from L. gibba (one batch). Crude protein content in the tested item was 63.9%. First the digestibility in the stomach was simulated by adding pepsin at pH 3 for 1 h. Then the digestibility of starch, protein and fat in the intestine was simulated by adding amylase, chymotrypsin, trypsin and lipase at pH 6.5 for 2 h. The insoluble part was considered as indigested. After filtration, the remaining protein content of the filtrate was determined and an ileal digestibility of 87% was calculated.

Upon request from EFSA to provide additional data on the digestibility of the NF, the applicant provided results from a cross-over, double blind, controlled human study designed to investigate the digestibility of the NF in humans compared to whey protein, which was used as a reference protein. Subjects (12 healthy men and women) received two protein sources (doses equivalent to 20 g of protein - protein content for the NF 64% and 80% for whey) in randomised order with a washout period of 1 week. Blood collection was performed before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min post-consumption. Postprandial areas under the curve for total amino acids and total indispensable amino acids from the NF as compared to the reference protein whey (set at 100%) were found to be 60.4% and 66.3%. However, interindividual variation was high as the values for total indispensable amino acids from the NF compared to the whey protein ranged from 18.2% to 94.2% (Mes et al., 2022).

The Panel notes that based on the proposed uses and use levels of the NF, at its highest P95 anticipated intake and the specifications for protein (Table 6), the maximum daily protein intake per kg bw would range between about 18 mg (infants) and 42 mg (other children). Thus, the contribution of the protein intake from the NF to the overall protein intake will be small.

The applicant noted the fatty acid content in the NF with the fraction of the saturated fatty acids accounting for 40.6% of the fat. The unsaturated fatty acids were 59.4% of the fat, from which 4.6% consisted of monounsaturated (MUFA), 54.1% of polyunsaturated (PUFA) and 0.7% of trans fatty acids. The sum of omega 3 fatty acids was calculated at 37.7% and omega 6 fatty acids at 16.4% of the total fatty acid content.

The concentrations of vitamins and minerals in the NF highly depend on the cultivation conditions and the composition of the fertiliser used. The mineral and vitamin content of the NF are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

Intake of phylloquinone, considering the specification levels (Table 6) and estimated total daily intake of the NF (as food ingredient and food supplement) for all population groups (Table 9), was calculated at 95.4 μg/day for young children, 227 μg/day for children, 288 μg/day for adolescents and 480 μg/day for adults. These values exceed the levels considered as adequate intakes for all population groups (EFSA NDA Panel, 2017). So far, no tolerable upper level of intake (ULs) has been determined for phylloquinone. Although no evidence of adverse effects has been associated with supplementary intakes of vitamin K in the form of phylloquinone up to 10 mg/day for limited periods of time, interference of vitamin K with coumarin anticoagulant drugs (measured as statistically significant decrease of the INR value) has been noted at phylloquinone intakes of 150 μg/day (Schurgers et al., 2004). Therefore, the amounts of phylloquinone associated with supplementary intakes from the NF may antagonise anticoagulants such as coumarins and for this reason consumption of the NF may constitute a risk for patients on such therapy.

The concentration of molybdenum (Mo) in the NF may reach 40 mg/kg according to the specifications (Table 6). This value is more than one order of magnitude higher as compared to the average Mo concentration in foods considered to be rich sources of Mo in the diet, such as cereal grains and grain products (0.4 mg/kg), legumes (2.5 mg/kg), offal (1.10 mg/kg), nuts (1.26 mg/kg) and pulses (0.9 mg/kg) (Rose et al., 2010; ANSES, 2011; EFSA NDA Panel, 2013a; Filippini et al., 2020). Although the NF is meant to be incorporated in other food categories with a proportion of not more than 2–20%, it is noted that the concentration of Mo in these foods will still contribute to an overall higher Mo intake. EFSA estimated the intake of Mo from the NF, considering the product specifications, the estimated daily intake of the NF and the background diet mean intake for all population groups (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013a). Results presented in Table 11 show that the combined intake of Mo from the NF and the background diet does not exceed ULs for any population group. The Panel considers that such an increase in Mo intake from the NF used as food ingredient or/and food supplements is not of safety concern.

Table 11 Intake estimates of molybdenum resulting from the use of the NF as an ingredient in the intended food categories at the maximum proposed use levels and as a food supplement

Population group	Age (years)	Total intake of Mo from the NF (Table 9) (mg per day)(a)	Highest mean Mo background intake (mg per day) (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013a)	Combined intake of Mo from NF and background diet (mg per day)	ULs (mg per day) (SCF/NDA, 2006)
Infants	< 1	0.009	ND	ND	ND
Young children(b)	1 to < 3	0.024	0.058	0.082	0.1
Other children	3 to < 10	0.057	0.075	0.13	0.2
Adolescents	10 to < 18	0.072	0.075	0.15	0.4
Adults(c)	≥ 18	0.12	0.16	0.28	0.6

The concentration of manganese (Mn) in the NF may be up to 100 mg/kg according to its specifications (Table 6). EFSA estimated the intake of Mn from the NF, considering the product specification for Mn and the estimated daily intake of the NF for all population groups (Table 9). Results are presented in Table 12.

Table 12 Intake estimates of manganese resulting from the use of the NF as an ingredient in the intended food categories or as a food supplement at the maximum proposed use levels

Population group	Age (years)	Mean Mn intake (mg per day)	P95 Mn intake (mg per day)
Lowest(a)	Highest(a)	Lowest(b)	Highest(b)
Infants	< 1	0	0	0	0.02
Young children(c)	1 to < 3	0	0.02	0	0.06
Other children	3 to < 10	0	0.03	0	0.14
Adolescents	10 to < 18	0	0.03	0	0.18
Adults(d)	≥ 18	0.03	0.03	0.20	0.20
From food supplements only for adults		0.1

The Panel notes that the SCF in 2000 reported that exposure to high levels of Mn by inhalation or oral intake of Mn may be neurotoxic. The SCF could not, however, set an UL for Mn and concluded that ‘the margin between oral effect levels in humans as well as experimental animals and the estimated intake from food is very low. Given the findings on neurotoxicity and the potential higher susceptibility of some subgroups in the general population, oral exposure to Mn beyond the normally present in food and beverages could represent a risk of adverse health effects without evidence of any health benefit’ (SCF/NDA, 2006).

The estimated mean manganese intakes from the background diet in the EU have been reported for adults between 2 and 6 mg/day and in younger age groups, between 1.5 and 3.5 mg/day in children, and from 2 to 6 mg/day in adolescents (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013b).

The highest estimated mean intake of Mn from the NF across countries ranges between 0.02 in young children and 0.03 mg/day in other children, adolescents and adults. When compared to the highest mean background Mn intake estimates, the additional intake of manganese from the NF would be 0.8% for children, 0.6% for adolescents and 0.4% for adults.

The highest estimated 95th percentile intake of Mn from the NF ranges from 0.02 mg/day in infants to 0.2 mg/day in adults. When compared to the highest mean background Mn intake estimates, the additional intake of manganese from the NF would be 4% for children, 3% for adolescents and 3% for adults.

The intake of Mn from the NF as a food supplement alone (0.1 mg/day) could increase Mn intake by 2% as compared to the highest background mean Mn intake estimates for adults and by 5% if combined intake will be considered. The Panel considers that such an increase in Mn intake from the NF used as food ingredient or/and food supplements is not of safety concern.

Average content of antinutritional factors as described in Section 3.4 (Compositional data in five batches of the NF) was 0.12 g/100 g for oxalic acid, 0.12 g/100 g for phytic acid, 0.35 mg/g of trypsin inhibitors and 3.75 g/100 g tannins (Table 4). Antinutritional factors in other commonly consumed vegetables have been reported in similar or higher amounts, e.g. oxalic acid in spinach (0.7 g/100 g) (Duke, 1992); phytic acid in soy concentrate (10.7 g/100 g) (Schlemmer et al., 2009); trypsin inhibitors in raw fonio 38 mg/g (EFSA, 2018); tannins 4 g/100 g for dehulled canola (Sharma et al., 2021).

The Panel considers that, taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous.

Toxicological information

The applicant provided two toxicological studies with the NF. These studies which were claimed confidential and proprietary by the applicant are listed in Table 13.

Table 13 List of toxicological studies with the NF

Reference	Type of study	Test system	Dose
Study No. 997-471-5889 (Vértesi, 2021)	Bacterial reverse mutation test (GLP, OECD TG 471)	S. Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 and E. coli WP2 uvrA	Up to 5,000 μg/plate (absence and presence of S9 mix)
Study No. 997-487-5890 (Fekete, 2021)	In vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test (GLP, OECD TG 487)	L5178Y tk+/ 3.7.2c (IVGT) mouse lymphoma cell line	Up to 400 ug/mL (absence of S9 mix) and up to 600 ug/mL (presence of S9 mix)

Genotoxicity

The potential mutagenicity of the NF was assessed in a bacterial reverse mutation test using Salmonella Typhimurium test strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA in the absence and presence of metabolic activation mix (S9), using the plate-incorporation and pre-incubation methods. 2-Aminoanthracene was used as the sole positive control for the S9 mix activity. The study was conducted in compliance with the OECD principles of GLP and in accordance with the ICH Guidelines for genotoxicity testing and OECD Guideline Test No. 471 (OECD, 1997, 1998). Based on the results of a preliminary test, concentrations of the NF at 5000, 1600, 500, 160, 50 and 16 μg/plate were selected for the main test. Neither cytotoxicity nor precipitation of the test article was observed at any concentration in either the preliminary or the main test. Treatment with the NF did not result in increases in the number of revertant colonies as compared with the negative control at any concentration in both tests either in the presence or absence of S9. Thus, the NF was determined to be non-mutagenic in this test at concentrations up to 5,000 μg/plate.

The genotoxic potential of the NF was further investigated in an in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test conducted in L5178Y tk+/− 3.7.2c (IVGT) mouse lymphoma cell line. The test was conducted in compliance with the OECD principles of GLP and in accordance with OECD Test No. 487 (OECD, 1998, 2014). Solvent control (RPMI-1640) was used as a negative control. Based on the results of a preliminary test, concentrations of the NF up to 400 μg/mL in 4 h and 24 h treatment followed by 24 h sampling time without metabolic activation and 600 μg/mL in 4 h treatment followed by 24 h sampling time with metabolic activation, were used in the main test. The NF induced cytotoxicity of 51.17% in mouse lymphoma cells compared to the negative control at 400 μg/mL in the 4 h treatment without metabolic activation and 54.32% at 600 μg/mL in the 4 h treatment in the presence of metabolic activation. In the 24 h treatment without metabolic activation, cytotoxicity of 56.21% was observed at concentration of 400 μg/mL. There were no differences observed in the percentage of micronucleated cells at any of the concentrations of the NF analysed as compared to the negative control. The NF was therefore determined to be non-clastogenic and non-aneugenic in mouse lymphoma cells.

Taking into account the test results provided and considering the nature, source and production process of the NF, the Panel considers that there are no concerns regarding genotoxicity.

Subchronic toxicity

The applicant referred to a subchronic toxicity study performed with water lentil powder (conducted by Parabel, GRN No. 742, 2018). An oral 90-day toxicity study was performed in Wistar rats using a water lentil powder product produced from L. minor and W. globosa. The tested item was produced using a different production process as compared to the NF and its composition was different from the NF, containing 47% protein, 36% dietary fibre, 10% fat, 5% ash and 2% moisture. The study was conducted with 100 (50 male and 50 female) animals distributed into six groups. Four groups of 20 animals (10 male and 10 female), each received via gavage 0, 100, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg bw of the water lentil powder product and two groups of 10 animals (5 male and 5 female) each received 0 or 1,000 mg/kg bw per day for an additional 28 days. The authors noted no treatment-related toxic signs and no mortality was observed. With respect to this specific study, EFSA has previously noted that not a single parameter was affected in the course of the study in either the control or treated animals, which is unusual, because often several findings are observed in toxicological studies in treated animals as well as in controls that are considered as incidental after thorough evaluation (EFSA NDA Panel, 2021a).

Taking into account the nature of the NF, the production process and the history of use of the source, the Panel considers that no additional toxicological studies are required on the NF.

Human data

The applicant referred to a randomised, cross-over trial comparing consumption of L. minor with green pea in healthy adult volunteers. Twelve subjects participated in this study and received the two protein sources (equivalent to 20 g of protein; L. minor and green peas were freeze-dried, mixed with other ingredients, cooked for 10 min at 100°C and consumed in one meal) in randomised order, after an overnight fast, with a washout period of 1 week. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after consumption of the protein meals and analysis of blood amino acids, glucose and insulin levels were conducted. Moreover, heart rate, blood pressure and aural temperature were measured before and after consumption and subjects were asked to report on gastro-intestinal discomfort for four subsequent days. Lower levels of circulating total and indispensable amino acids were observed post consumption of L. minor compared to green pea. For health parameters that were assessed in this study, as well as gastro-intestinal complaints, no differences were observed between subjects that consumed freeze-dried and cooked L. minor or green pea (Zeinstra et al., 2019).

The Panel notes that the human study provided by the applicant used L. minor that contributes only a smaller portion to the source that the NF is produced from (protein fraction of Lemna plant material is extracted from whole plants and separated from fibres), and was primarily designed to investigate the postprandial amino acid profile and addressed only a limited number of safety-relevant endpoints. The Panel accepts that no acute adverse events related to the consumption of L. minor were reported. The Panel, however, notes that no conclusions can be drawn from this study on the safety of the NF.

Allergenicity

The NF consists of around 64% protein. The applicant noted that no allergenicity or cross-reactivity is described in the literature for Lemna species. Proteomic analysis of the NF was performed by LC–MS/MS analysis and then a protein database matching the MS/MS spectra was performed for allergenic proteins using the ‘allergome’ protein sequence database. A match was found with Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase), a very common protein present in commonly consumed leafy vegetables (Mes et al., 2022). The content of Rubisco in the NF was found to be very low compared to spinach based on sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) analysis conducted by the applicant. Homologies were also found with the Api g3 (chlorophyl A/B binding protein of celery). The Panel notes that Api g3 is identified as a food allergen in several databases, including WHO/IUIS database. The applicant provided analytical data on allergens identified in Annex II of Regulation (EU) No 1169/20118 for three batches, none of the allergens tested was detected in the NF. In particular, LC–MS/MS analysis did not detect celery proteins in the NF above the LOQ of 1 mg/kg, however, celery proteins and the protein matching with Api g3 allergen are not fully identical and, therefore, the presence of a potentially allergenic protein in the NF is unknown.

The Panel notes that no specific data on cross-reactivity with celery protein (e.g. IgE binding) were provided. Nevertheless, cross-reactivity of the heat-treated L. minor and L. gibba whole plant material with celery has been assessed by DotBlot immunoassays and no cross-reactivity was detected (EFSA NDA Panel, 2022). Given the protein content in the NF, allergic reactions are possible, but based on the available data, the Panel considers the allergenic risk is low.

Discussion

The NF, which is the subject of the application, is a protein concentrate powder produced from a mixture of L. gibba and L. minor. The NF is proposed to be used as an ingredient in a variety of food products and as a food supplement. The target population is the general population as a food ingredient and exclusively adults for food supplements.

The NF is produced by Lemna plants (i.e. L. gibba and L. minor), which are cultivated under controlled conditions. The plants are washed, treated to separate the protein fraction and the NF is the powder of the protein fraction obtained after pasteurisation and spray drying. The NF consists of protein, fibre, fat and micronutrients. The highest intake of the NF was estimated for other children (age 3 to < 10 years) at 55.6 mg/kg bw per day at the 95th percentile. Intake of the NF from food supplements was calculated for the target population of adults at 14.3 mg/kg bw per day. The Panel noted that intake of the NF may lead to intake of phylloquinone up to 480 μg/day for adults (160 μg/day from food supplements) and may constitute a risk for patients on anticoagulant medication. The Panel considers that there are no concerns regarding genotoxicity. The concentration of heavy metals, cyanotoxins and microbiological parameters as well as micronutrients in the NF depends on the cultivation conditions and the fertiliser used. However, the parameters included in the specifications to account for different cultivation conditions and use of fertilisers, should ensure that the intake of the NF under the proposed uses and use levels does not raise safety concerns, except for patients on anticoagulant medication. The Panel considers that the risk of the NF triggering allergic reactions is low.

Conclusions

The Panel concludes that the NF, water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of L. gibba and L. minor, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

Request for protection of proprietary data in accordance with Article 26 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

The Panel could not have reached the conclusion on the safety of the NF under the proposed conditions of use without the data claimed as proprietary by the applicant: compositional data, stability data, ileal digestion test, proteomic analysis, endophytic bacteria screening analyses, bacterial reverse mutation test (Vértesi, 2021), in vitro micronucleus test (Fekete, 2021).

Steps taken by EFSA

1) On 13/05/2019 EFSA received a letter from the European Commission with the request for a scientific opinion on the safety of water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor. [Ref. Ares(2019)3149260].

2) On 13/05/2019, a valid application on water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor, which was submitted by ABC Kroos BV, was made available to EFSA by the European Commission through the Commission e-submission portal (NF 2018/0801) and the scientific evaluation procedure was initiated.

3) On 11/09/2019, EFSA requested the applicant to provide additional information to accompany the application and the scientific evaluation was suspended.

4) On 20/07/2020, additional information was provided by the applicant through the Commission e-submission portal and the scientific evaluation was restarted.

5) On 04/08/2020, EFSA requested the applicant to provide additional information to accompany the application and the scientific evaluation was suspended.

6) On 20/08/2021, additional information was provided by the applicant through the Commission e-submission portal and the scientific evaluation was restarted.

7) On 14/10/2021, EFSA requested the applicant to provide additional information to accompany the application and the scientific evaluation was suspended.

8) On 23/12/2022, additional information was provided by the applicant through the Commission e-submission portal and the scientific evaluation was restarted.

9) During its meeting on 28/02/2023, the NDA Panel, having evaluated the data, adopted a scientific opinion on the safety of water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor as a NF pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

Abbreviations

• ADME
• Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
• ANSES
• French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety
• AOAC
• Association of Official Analytical Collaboration
• bw
• body weight
• CFU
• colony forming units
• DietEx
• Dietary Exposure Tool
• DL-PCBs
• dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls
• EN
• Europese Norm
• FAO
• Food and Agriculture Organisation
• GC–MS/MS
• gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
• GLC-FID
• gas liquid chromatography–flame ionisation detector
• GLP
• Good Laboratory Practice
• GMP
• Good Manufacturing Practice
• GRAS
• Generally Recognised as Safe
• GRIN
• Germplasm Resources Information Network
• GRN
• GRAS Notice
• HACCP
• Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
• HPLC-FLU
• high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection
• HPLC–MS/MS
• high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
• HPLC-UV
• high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet
• IAA
• indole acetic acid
• ICH
• International Council for Harmonisation
• ΙCP-MS
• inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
• ΙCP-OES
• inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
• IgE
• immunoglobulin E
• ILA
• indole lactic acid
• INR
• International Normalized Ratio
• ISO
• International Organization for Standardization
• IVGT
• in vitro genetic toxicity
• LAL
• lysino-alanine
• LC-MS/MS
• liquid chromatography-–tandem mass spectrometry
• LOD
• limit of detection
• LOQ
• limit of quantification
• 3-MCPD
• 3-monochloropropane diol
• MUFA
• monounsaturated fatty acids
• NDA
• Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens
• NDL-PCBs
• non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls
• NEN
• Nederlandse Norm
• NF
• novel food
• NOAEL
• no observed adverse effect level
• OECD TG
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline
• PUFA
• polyunsaturated fatty acids
• rDNA
• ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid
• RH
• relative humidity
• SCF
• Scientific Committee on Food
• RPMI
• Roswell Park Memorial Institute
• SDS–PAGE
• sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
• TDI
• tolerable daily intake
• TEQ
• toxic equivalent
• TF
• traditional food
• UL
• tolerable upper intake level
• USDA
• United States Department of Agriculture
• WHO/IUIS
• World Health Organization/International Union of Immunological Societies

Appendix A – Amino acid profile of five batches of the NF

Parameter (g/100 g)	Batch number	Method of analysis
#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Alanine	3.88	3.95	3.96	3.95	4	ISO13903
Arginine	4.14	4.16	4.15	4.13	4.11	ISO13903
Aspartic acid	5.95	6.06	6.05	5.97	6.08	ISO13903
Cysteine	0.49	0.49	0.43	0.44	0.4	ISO13903
Glutamic acid	6.93	7.21	7.21	7.1	7.18	ISO13903
Glycine	3.6	3.56	3.58	3.56	3.58	ISO13903
Histidine	1.41	1.42	1.4	1.41	1.37	ISO13903
Hydroxyproline	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	ISO13903
Iso-Leucine	3.1	3.16	3.13	3.12	3.1	ISO13903
Leucine	5.98	6.07	5.99	5.97	5.93	ISO13903
Lysine	3.83	3.98	4.12	4.1	4.13	ISO13903
Methionine	1.29	1.33	1.34	1.32	1.31	ISO13903
Phenylalanine	3.9	3.93	3.76	3.83	3.76	ISO13903
Proline	3.07	2.96	2.99	3.07	2.92	ISO13903
Serine	2.75	2.81	2.81	2.8	2.89	ISO13903
Threonine	2.83	2.88	2.9	2.89	2.93	ISO13903
Tyrosine	2.85	2.84	2.81	2.77	2.69	ISO13903
Valine	3.84	3.95	4	3.95	3.93	ISO13903
Tryptophan	1.03	1.06	1.09	1.17	1.03	NEN-EN-ISO 13904

References

Anses (Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail), 2011. Second French Total Diet Study (TDS 2) Report 1: Inorganic contaminants, minerals, persistent organic pollutants, mycotoxins and phytoestrogens, 305 pp.

Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Böhm V, Hammann S, Vetter W, Leiterer M and Jahreis G, 2017. Nutritional value of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) as human food. Food Chemistry, 217, 266–273.

Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Bog M, Ecker J, Seeliger C, Böhm V, Lorkowski S, Sommer K, Vetter W and Tolzin‐Banasch K, 2018. Nutritional value of the duckweed species of the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae) as human food. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 483.

Bhanthumnavin K and McGarry MG, 1971. Wolffia arrhiza as a possible source of inexpensive protein. Nature, 232, 495.

Cabrera LI, Salazar GA, Chase MW, Mayo SJ, Bogner J and Dávila P, 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from coding and noncoding plastid DNA. American Journal of Botany, 95, 1153–1165.

Cao HX, Fourounjian P and Wang W, 2018. The Importance and Potential of Duckweeds as a Model and Crop Plant for Biomass‐Based Applications and Beyond. In: C Hussain (ed). Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. Springer, Cham. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_67-1EFSA]

Zeinstra GG, Somhorst D, Oosterink E, Fick H, Klopping‐Ketelaars I, van der Meer IM and Mes JJ, 2019. Postprandial amino acid, glucose and insulin responses among healthy adults after a single intake of Lemna minor in comparison with green peas: a randomised trial. Journal of Nutritional Science, 8, 28.