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Abstract
Allantoin is a good source of ammonium for many organisms, and in Escherichia coli it is utilized under anaerobic conditions. We provide evidence that allantoinase (AllB) is allosterically activated by direct binding of the allantoin catabolic enzyme, glycerate 2-kinase (GlxK) in the presence of glyoxylate. Glyoxylate is known to be an effector of the AllR repressor which regulates the allantoin utilization operons in E. coli. AllB has low affinity for allantoin, but its activation by GlxK leads to increased affinity for its substrate. We also show that the predicted allantoin transporter YbbW (re-named AllW) has allantoin specificity and the protein–protein interaction with AllB. Our results show that the AllB-dependent allantoin degradative pathway is subject to previously unrecognized regulatory mechanisms involving direct protein–protein interactions.
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1 University of California at San Diego, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); University of California at San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, Division of Engineering, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242)
2 University of Regina, Department of Biochemistry, Regina, Canada (GRID:grid.57926.3f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9131)
3 Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Richmond, USA (GRID:grid.224260.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0458 8737)
4 University of California at San Diego, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); Ocean University of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao, China (GRID:grid.4422.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 3263)
5 University of California at San Diego, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242)
6 University of California at San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, Division of Engineering, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); Technical University of Denmark, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Lyngby, Denmark (GRID:grid.5170.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 8870)