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Abstract
This study set out to examine the role of different adversities experienced at different life course stages on cognitive aging (i.e., level and change). Data from the longitudinal study: Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with the selection of participants over 60 years were used (N = 2662, Mdnage = 68, SDage = 5.39) in a Structural Equation Modeling. In early life, the experience of hunger predicted lower delayed recall (β = − 0.10, p < 0.001) and verbal fluency (β = − 0.06, p = 0.001) performance in older age, whereas financial hardship predicted lower verbal fluency (β = − 0.06, p = 0.005) performance and steeper decline in delayed recall (β = − 0.11, p < 0.001). In early adulthood, financial hardship and stress predicted better delayed recall (financial hardship: β = 0.08, p = 0.001; stress: β = 0.07, p = 0.003) and verbal fluency performance (financial hardship: β = 0.08, p = 0.001; stress β = 0.10, p < 0.001), but no adversities were associated with a change in cognitive performance. In middle adulthood, no adversities were associated with the level of cognitive performance, but financial hardship predicted lower decline in delayed recall (β = 0.07, p = 0.048). This study highlights the importance of disentangling the period effect from the specific effect of the adversity experienced in the association between adversity and cognition in older age. Moreover, differential results for delayed recall and verbal fluency measures suggest that it is also important to consider the cognitive outcome domains examined.
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1 University of Oxford, Dementias Platform UK, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948); University of Geneva, Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability (CIGEV), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988); Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, LIVES, Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspective, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.425888.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 0992)
2 Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, LIVES, Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspective, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.425888.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 0992)
3 University of Geneva, Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability (CIGEV), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988); Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, LIVES, Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspective, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.425888.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 0992); University of Geneva, Cognitive Aging Lab (CAL), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988)
4 University of Fribourg, Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), Fribourg, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8534.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0478 1713); University of Geneva, Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988)
5 University of Oxford, Dementias Platform UK, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948)
6 University of Lausanne, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9851.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 4204); Geneva University Hospitals, Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.150338.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0721 9812)
7 University of Lausanne, Laboratory of Research in Neuroimaging (LREN), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9851.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 4204); Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Neurology Department, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.419524.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0041 5028)
8 Tilburg University, Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.12295.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 3265); University of Geneva, Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability (CIGEV), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988)