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Abstract
Professional sports performance relies critically on the interaction between the brain and muscles during movement. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique which modulates cortical excitability and can be used to improve motor performance in athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of bilateral anodal tDCS (2 mA, 20 min) over the premotor cortex or cerebellum on motor and physiological functions and peak performance of professional gymnastics athletes. Seventeen professional gymnastics athletes participated in a randomized, sham-controlled, crossover study. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of two anodal tDCS protocols (2 mA, 20 min) with stimulation over the bilateral premotor cortex or cerebellum with the return electrodes placed over the opposite supraorbital areas. Power speed, strength coordination, endurance, static and dynamic strength, static and dynamic flexibility, and rating of perceived exertion were measured before and immediately after tDCS interventions (bilateral anodal tDCS over premotor cortices, anodal tDCS over the cerebellum, and sham tDCS). Additionally, physiological muscle performance parameters, including maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of upper body muscles, were assessed during tDCS. Bilateral anodal tDCS over the premotor cortex, compared to anodal tDCS over the cerebellum and sham tDCS conditions, significantly improved power speed, strength coordination, and static and dynamic strength variables of professional gymnastics athletes. Furthermore, bilateral anodal tDCS over the cerebellum, compared to sham tDCS, significantly improved strength coordination. Moreover, bilateral premotor anodal tDCS significantly increased MVIC of all upper body muscles during stimulation, while anodal tDCS over the cerebellum increased MVIC in only some muscles. Bilateral anodal tDCS over the premotor cortex, and to a minor degree over the cerebellum, might be suited to improve some aspects of motor and physiological functions and peak performance levels of professional gymnastics athletes.
Clinical Trial Registration ID: IRCT20180724040579N2.
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1 University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ardabil, Iran (GRID:grid.413026.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 5445)
2 University of Zanjan, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan, Iran (GRID:grid.412673.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0382 4160)
3 Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Department of Family Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil, Iran (GRID:grid.411426.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0611 7226)
4 Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Dortmund, Germany (GRID:grid.419241.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2285 956X); Bielefeld University, University Hospital OWL, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and University Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld, Germany (GRID:grid.7491.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0944 9128)
5 Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Dortmund, Germany (GRID:grid.419241.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2285 956X)
6 Federation University, Discipline of Physiotherapy, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Victoria, Australia (GRID:grid.1040.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1091 4859)