Abstract

The Pixel Luminosity Telescope is a silicon pixel detector dedicated to luminosity measurement at the CMS experiment at the LHC. It is located approximately 1.75 m from the interaction point and arranged into 16 “telescopes”, with eight telescopes installed around the beam pipe at either end of the detector and each telescope composed of three individual silicon sensor planes. The per-bunch instantaneous luminosity is measured by counting events where all three planes in the telescope register a hit, using a special readout at the full LHC bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz. The full pixel information is read out at a lower rate and can be used to determine calibrations, corrections, and systematic uncertainties for the online and offline measurements. This paper details the commissioning, operational history, and performance of the detector during Run 2 (2015–18) of the LHC, as well as preparations for Run 3, which will begin in 2022.

Details

Title
The Pixel Luminosity Telescope: a detector for luminosity measurement at CMS using silicon pixel sensors
Author
Ayala, E. 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; CarreraJarrin, E. 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ahmed, I. 3 ; Campbell, A. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Danilov, V. 4 ; EstevezBanos, L. I. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Giraldi, A. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Guthoff, M. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hempel, M. 4 ; Henschel, H. 4 ; Knolle, J. 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lange, W. 4 ; Leonard, J. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lohmann, W. 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Meyer, A. B. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Myronenko, V. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Penno, M. 4 ; Ribeiro Lopes, B. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rübenach, J. 4 ; Saggio, A. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Scheurer, V. 7 ; Sosa Ricardo, R. E. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Turkot, O. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Walter, D. 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kassel, F. 8 ; Mallows, S. 8 ; Bartók, M. 9   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Chudasama, R. 10   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Farkas, K. 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Fejes, M. 11 ; Gadallah, M. M. A. 12   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Major, P. 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Mehta, A. 13   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Pásztor, G. 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rádl, A. J. 9   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Veres, G. I. 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bakhshiansohi, H. 14   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Gholami, A. 15 ; Khazaie, E. 15   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sedghi, M. 15 ; Zeinali, M. 16   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Fabbri, F. 17   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Tosi, N. 17   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bacchetta, N. 18   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Trapani, P. P. 19 ; Daugalas, J. 20 ; Benitez, J. F. 21   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Castaneda Hernandez, A. 21   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Encinas Acosta, H. A. 21 ; Gallegos Maríñez, L. G. 21 ; León Coello, M. 21   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Murillo Quijada, J. A. 21   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sehrawat, A. 21   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Valencia Palomo, L. 21   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Oropeza Barrera, C. 22   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bheesette, S. 23 ; Butler, A. P. H. 23 ; Butler, P. H. 23   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lokhovitskiy, A. 23 ; Lujan, P. 24   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Auzinger, G. 25   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ball, A. H. 26 ; Çekmecelioğlu, Y. C. 27   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Dabrowski, A. 25   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Damanakis, K. 28   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Donadon Servelle, A. 29 ; Eble, F. 30   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Haranko, M. 25   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hegeman, J. 25   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kessaci, K. 25 ; Kornmayer, A. 25 ; Loos, R. 25 ; Miraglia, M. 25 ; Nicolini, J. 31   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Orfanelli, S. 25 ; Orsini, L. 25 ; Petrucci, A. 32   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ryjov, V. 25 ; Saariokari, S. 25 ; Schwick, C. 25 ; Schneider, B. 25 ; Tsoukias, S. 25 ; Tsrunchev, P. 25 ; Wanczyk, J. 29   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Zagoździńska-Bochenek, A. A. 30 ; Zeuner, W. D. 25 ; Rohe, T. 33   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Krintiras, G. 34   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Palmer, C. 35   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Jain, Sh. 36   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Mans, J. 36   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rusack, R. 36   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bueghly, J. 37 ; Chen, Z. 37   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Gunter, T. 37   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Odell, N. 37   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Pozdnyakov, A. 38   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Velasco, M. 37 ; Harrop, B. 39 ; Higginbotham, S. 39   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kalogeropoulos, A. 39   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Luo, J. 40   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Marlow, D. 39   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Stickland, D. 39   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Xie, Z. 39   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bartz, E. 41   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hidas, D. 42 ; Karacheban, O. 43   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Schnetzer, S. 41 ; Stone, R. 41   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Acharya, H. 44 ; Delannoy, A. G. 44   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Heideman, J. 44 ; Karunarathna, N. 44 ; Riley, G. 45   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rose, K. 44 ; Spanier, S. 44   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Thapa, K. 44 ; Gurrola, A. 46   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Johns, W. 46   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Romeo, F. 46   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Soubasis, B. 46 ; Farrow, M. C. 47 ; Azhgirey, I. 48   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ershov, A. 48   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Gribushin, A. 48   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kaminskiy, A. 49 ; Kurochkin, I. 48 ; Okhotnikov, V. 48   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Popova, E. 50   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Riabchikova, A. 51 ; Selivanova, D. 52   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Shevelev, A. 53 

1  Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador (GRID:grid.440857.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0485 2489) 
2  Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador (GRID:grid.412251.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9008 4711) 
3  National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia (GRID:grid.177284.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 6208) 
4  Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453) 
5  Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (GRID:grid.5342.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2069 7798) 
6  Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany (GRID:grid.8842.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 0404) 
7  Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA (GRID:grid.169077.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 2197) 
8  Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
9  Eötvös Loránd University, MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.5591.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 6276); Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.419766.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1759 8344) 
10  Eötvös Loránd University, MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.5591.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 6276); The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA (GRID:grid.411015.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0727 7545) 
11  Eötvös Loránd University, MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.5591.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 6276) 
12  Eötvös Loránd University, MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.5591.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 6276); Assiut University, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut, Egypt (GRID:grid.252487.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8632 679X) 
13  Eötvös Loránd University, MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.5591.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 6276); University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.9026.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 2617) 
14  Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411751.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9908 3264); Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453) 
15  Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411751.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9908 3264) 
16  Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411751.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9908 3264); Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.412553.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0740 9747) 
17  INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.470193.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 8343 7610) 
18  INFN Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, USA (GRID:grid.417851.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0675 0679) 
19  INFN Sezione di Torino and Università di Torino, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.470222.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 7471 9712) 
20  Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (GRID:grid.6441.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2243 2806) 
21  Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Hermosillo, Mexico (GRID:grid.11893.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 1646) 
22  Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.441047.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 4794) 
23  University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (GRID:grid.21006.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 4063) 
24  University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (GRID:grid.21006.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 4063); Boston University, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558) 
25  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X) 
26  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK (GRID:grid.76978.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2296 6998) 
27  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453) 
28  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Institut für Hochenergiephysik, Vienna, Austria (GRID:grid.450258.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0625 7405) 
29  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5333.6) (ISNI:0000000121839049) 
30  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); ETH Zurich–Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics (IPA), Zurich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5801.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 2780) 
31  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); CNRS/IN2P3 IJCLab, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany and Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France (GRID:grid.5675.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0416 9637) 
32  European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242) 
33  Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5991.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1090 7501) 
34  The University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA (GRID:grid.266515.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2106 0692) 
35  University of Maryland, College Park, USA (GRID:grid.164295.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0941 7177) 
36  University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA (GRID:grid.17635.36) (ISNI:0000000419368657) 
37  Northwestern University, Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507) 
38  Northwestern University, Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507); III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (GRID:grid.1957.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 696X) 
39  Princeton University, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006) 
40  Princeton University, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006); Brown University, Providence, USA (GRID:grid.40263.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9094) 
41  Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA (GRID:grid.430387.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8796) 
42  Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA (GRID:grid.430387.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8796); Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, USA (GRID:grid.202665.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 4229) 
43  Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA (GRID:grid.430387.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8796); Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany (GRID:grid.8842.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 0404) 
44  University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA (GRID:grid.411461.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2315 1184) 
45  University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA (GRID:grid.411461.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2315 1184); Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079) 
46  Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA (GRID:grid.152326.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2264 7217) 
47  University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA (GRID:grid.14003.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2167 3675) 
48  Authors Affiliated with an Institute or an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X) 
49  Authors Affiliated with an Institute or an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); INFN Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2) 
50  Authors Affiliated with an Institute or an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); University of Rochester, Rochester, USA (GRID:grid.16416.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9174) 
51  Authors Affiliated with an Institute or an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.419766.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1759 8344) 
52  Authors Affiliated with an Institute or an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK (GRID:grid.76978.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2296 6998) 
53  Authors Affiliated with an Institute or an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Princeton University, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006) 
Pages
673
Publication year
2023
Publication date
Jul 2023
Publisher
Springer Nature B.V.
ISSN
14346044
e-ISSN
14346052
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11713-6
ProQuest document ID
2843238729
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.