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Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are a class of sugar molecules with a parent nine-carbon neuraminic acid, generally present at the ends of carbohydrate chains, either attached to cellular surfaces or as secreted glycoconjugates. Given their position and structural diversity, Sias modulate a wide variety of biological processes. However, little is known about the role of Sias in human adipose tissue, or their implications for health and disease, particularly among individuals following different dietary patterns. The goal of this study was to measure N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) concentrations in adipose tissue samples from participants in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) and to compare the abundance of these Sias in individuals following habitual, long-term vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. A method was successfully developed for the extraction and detection of Sias in adipose tissue. Sias levels were quantified in 52 vegans, 56 lacto-vegetarians, and 48 non-vegetarians using LC–MS/MS with Neu5Ac-D-1,2,3-13C3 as an internal standard. Dietary groups were compared using linear regression. Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians had significantly higher concentrations of Neu5Ac relative to non-vegetarians. While KDN levels tended to be higher in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, these differences were not statistically significant. However, KDN levels were significantly inversely associated with body mass index. In contrast, Neu5Gc was not detected in human adipose samples. It is plausible that different Neu5Ac concentrations in adipose tissues of vegetarians, compared to those of non-vegetarians, reflect a difference in the baseline inflammatory status between the two groups. Epidemiologic studies examining levels of Sias in human adipose tissue and other biospecimens will help to further explore their roles in development and progression of inflammatory conditions and chronic diseases.
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1 Universidad Adventista del Plata, Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Libertador San Martín, Argentina (GRID:grid.441666.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 8908); Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rosario, Argentina (GRID:grid.10814.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 3211)
2 Universidad Adventista del Plata, Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Libertador San Martín, Argentina (GRID:grid.441666.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 8908); Universidad Adventista del Plata, Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Libertador San Martín, Argentina (GRID:grid.441666.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 8908)
3 Loma Linda University, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA (GRID:grid.43582.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9852 649X)
4 Loma Linda University, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda, USA (GRID:grid.43582.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9852 649X); Loma Linda University, Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda, USA (GRID:grid.43582.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9852 649X); Loma Linda University, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA (GRID:grid.43582.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9852 649X)
5 Loma Linda University, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA (GRID:grid.43582.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9852 649X); Loma Linda University, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda, USA (GRID:grid.43582.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9852 649X); Loma Linda University, Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda, USA (GRID:grid.43582.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9852 649X)