What Influences Green Cosmetics Purchase Intention and Behavior? A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda

Abstract

The green cosmetics industry has witnessed significant growth over the last few years. Simultaneously, scholarly interest in the area has grown. However, overall, the evidence is inconsistent. Despite the growing literature, no systematic review has been carried out to summarize and synthesize the empirical studies that have examined factors associated with green cosmetics purchase intention (GCPI) and green cosmetics purchase behavior (GCPB). This study aims to fill this gap. We conducted this systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. From forty-eight studies that met the inclusion criteria, we identified ten major themes that were significantly associated with GCPI and GCPB. The most frequently demonstrated determinants were the theory of planned behavior components (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), followed by marketing mix, consumer consciousness concerns, consumer values, brand-related attributes, experience and knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers. In addition, we identified several gaps that could be addressed through future research. These results will help scholars understand the knowledge boundary and assist marketers in developing effective strategies for promoting green cosmetics.

1. Introduction

At the dawn of civilization, when aesthetic senses emerged, the use of cosmetics began. We observe this evidence in Sumerian, Indus, Mayan, Egyptian, and other ancient cultures. Over time, our sense of beauty and fashion has changed, been refined, and developed, but in any case, the appeal of beauty products has not been compromised; this industry has grown daily. In 2023, the beauty and personal care market revenue was USD 571.1 billion, which is projected to grow at a compound growth rate (CAGR) of 3.8% over the next five years [1]. A sustainable lifestyle is associated with green cosmetic consumption and is fueled by global consumer awareness, the green revolution, and several governmental regulations. Like other industries, the beauty and personal care industry embraces green product concepts [2,3,4]. For example, according to the European Green Deal, European cosmetics and personal care companies have committed to completely stopping greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 [5]; similarly, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration bans hundreds of potentially harmful chemical ingredients in a range of cosmetics, which encourages many companies to go full throttle for ‘‘go-green.’’ Hence, we have witnessed significant growth in the green cosmetics segment over the last few years. As an effect, the market value of organic or green cosmetic products is forecasted to be USD 54.5 billion worldwide by 2027 [2]. Various marketing research firms estimate the CAGR of the global natural and organic cosmetics market to be 9.1 [6] to 9.76% [7]. Simultaneously, academic interest in green cosmetics usage and consumption has grown [2,8,9,10].

Green cosmetics refer to natural cosmetics or personal care products that are developed from natural ingredients derived from animals, minerals, or plants. They will eventually preserve the environment, minimize pollution, ensure the responsible utilization of non-renewable resources, and finally preserve species and animal welfare [2,8,11]. The conceptualization of green cosmetics holds two fundamental issues: ingredients and processing. Hence, their definition covers many sustainability attributes such as chemical-free and natural (organic) solutions, traditional renewable raw materials (e.g., renewable plant and bacteria sources), and local ingredients, which are processed using eco-friendly formulations and marketed using environmentally supported packaging.

Cosmetics companies have been increasingly developing and promoting their products as sustainable and using natural claims to influence consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions [12]. Green cosmetics have recently received increasing attention from scholars [9]. However, prior studies reported inconsistent evidence of the determinants of GCPI and GCPB. Several studies examined the effects of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs on green cosmetics consumption, but they reported mixed findings. For example, while some studies found a significant relationship between norms and green cosmetics purchase intention [3,13,14], others reported an insignificant association [8,15]. Green cosmetics are usually costly compared to ordinary cosmetics [3], so the importance of perceived behavioral control is assumed to have a crucial role; however, Shimul et al. [16] reported an insignificant impact of perceived behavioral control on GCPI, while Susanty et al. [17] reported a significant effect. Furthermore, there is an anomaly in the literature regarding the role of values. For instance, challenging preconceptions that pro-environmental beliefs depend on altruistic values, Jaini et al. [18] found no effect of altruistic values on pro-environmental beliefs, while others found significant effects of altruistic values and egoistic motivation [19,20,21]. Moreover, Hansen et al. [13] and Ribeiro et al. [22] did not find a significant impact of openness to change on GCPI; however, Kumar et al. [23] found that openness to change affects behavioral intention through perceived benefits and risk. In addition, functional value [23] was significantly associated with GCPI, but emotional value [24] and perceived safety value [12,25] did not influence GCPI.

Despite a growing literature stream, no systematic review has been carried out to summarize and synthesize the empirical studies that have examined factors predicting green cosmetics purchase intention (GCPI) and green cosmetics purchase behavior (GCPB); hence, global green cosmetic consumer behavior still needs to be fully understood. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the review by Liobikienė and Bernatonienė [26] is the only literature review on green cosmetics; however, their paper focused more on green products than on green cosmetics products, and the main purpose of their investigation was not to assess the factors predicting GCPI and GCPB. As such, there is a need for a systematic review of the factors influencing green cosmetics purchase intention and behavior that will provide state-of-the-art knowledge of the existing literature in the domain and offer future research directions [27]. Hence, the current investigation aims to fill the gap by systematically reviewing studies on the determinants of GCPI and GCPB. More precisely, this systematic review intends to answer the following two questions:

• (i). What were the factors that influenced GCPI and GCPB?

• (ii). What were the focuses of prior research within this domain?

Our research systematically summarizes and synthesizes the determinants of GCPI and GCPB. Therefore, this investigation will help scholars understand the knowledge boundary. Moreover, the findings of this review will help marketers frame their marketing strategies for promoting green cosmetic products.

2. Methodology

We carried out this systematic review following the guidelines recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [28]. According to these guidelines, a systematic review extensively scans all reports published on a subject to find answers to a clearly defined research question. It uses a variety of inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify the reports to be included in the review and synthesize the results. PRISMA flow diagrams describe how reports are identified, screened, and eligible for inclusion; they serve as guides for authors, reviewers, and editors [29,30].

2.1. Search Strategy

To locate relevant articles, we searched Scopus and Web of Science, the two largest abstract and citation databases of peer-reviewed literature, with no limit on the date range. We formed the search strings by combining search terms using Boolean operators. Some search terms included cosmetic, personal care product, green, natural, organic, cruelty-free, eco-friendly, environmentally friendly, buy*, purchase intent*, and purchase behav*.

2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

We limited the search criteria to exclude all literature not relevant to our study, such as conference proceedings and non-English articles. Further, we only included quantitative empirical studies examining the determinants of green cosmetics purchase intention and behavior. The PRISMA flow chart (see Figure 1) presents the study selection process; the number of records identified, screened, and excluded; the reasons for exclusion; and the studies included in the current review [28].

We retrieved 1783 records from the electronic databases. After removing duplicates, 693 records were retained. Next, the titles and abstracts were independently screened by two researchers. After that, 501 records were eliminated. Finally, we assessed the remaining 192 full-text articles. Of these, 43 articles met the eligibility criteria. Five additional eligible studies were identified through a Google Scholar search and a manual reference list search. Forty-eight studies were included in this systematic review.

2.3. Data Extraction and Analysis

The same two researchers performed data extraction independent of one another. Some information extracted from the studies included the author, publication year, journal, country, theory used, population, study design, sample size, co-citations of highly cited authors, keywords, and factors influencing GCPI and GCPB.

3. Results

3.1. Description of Included Studies

This study included forty-eight studies from twenty-three countries, including seven from India, six from Malaysia, four from Indonesia, and three from Portugal (see Table 1). Most of the studies (64.58%) were carried out in Asia, in contrast to 22.92% in Europe, 4.17% in North America, and 4.17% in Africa. However, no research was carried out in Australia.

As shown in Figure 2, no research was published in 2014 or 2016. Then, the number of publications remained flat until 2018. From 2019, there was a wave of publications peaking in 2022 (fifteen articles). Nine studies were published in Sustainability, and four appeared in the Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. All studies were cross-sectional. All studies, except two that conducted experiments, employed survey methodologies. The included studies recruited 13,916 respondents, with an average sample size of 376.11 (standard deviation = 262.89), ranging from 100 to 1676. Thirty-four studies focused on the general adult population, and nine studies focused on women. The most commonly used theoretical frameworks included the theory of planned behavior (fifteen studies), value–belief–norm (three studies), and stimulus–organism–response (three studies).

3.2. Factors Influencing Green Cosmetics Purchase Intentions and Behaviors

Figure 3 and Appendix A present the factors associated with green cosmetics purchase intentions and behaviors. As shown in Figure 4, we identified eleven major themes in the studies included in this review that may directly affect GCPI or GCPB. In the following sections, we will discuss these themes.

3.2.1. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)-Related Themes

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) postulates that attitudes (i.e., overall positive or negative evaluations), subjective norms (perceived social pressure from others to engage or not to engage in a particular behavior), and perceived behavioral control (perceptions of people’s ability to perform a given behavior) influence both intentions and behaviors [60]. In line with this argument, several studies reported significant effects of the TPB constructs on GCPI and/or GCPB.

Attitude

Among the TPB variables, attitude was the most frequently demonstrated predictor of GCPI and GCPB (27 times). A variety of attitudes were assessed in the surveyed literature, which ranged from the general attitude to green cosmetics consumption [2,3,9,13,14,15,16,17,32,35,36,41,42,46,48,52,53,57] to other minor attitudes such as hedonic and utilitarian attitudes [58], the attitude toward cannabis-based skincare cosmetics [22], and the attitude toward cruelty-free cosmetics [20,40].

Norms

The findings related to norms are contentious. While the vast majority of studies found positive and significant impacts of subjective norms on behavioral intention [16,40], other studies found insignificant effects of subjective norms on purchase intention [8,15]. Taking the value–belief–norm perspective, Jaini et al. [18] and Quoquab et al. [54] found that a value-induced personal norm significantly affected green purchase behavior. The only study that examined social norms (perceptions of whether others approve or disapprove) reported a significant effect of the social norm on behavioral intention [51].

Perceived Behavioral Control

Several studies (e.g., [2,8,14,15,20,32,35,36,44]) established perceived behavioral control as a significant predictor of GCPI and GCPB. However, other studies reported an insignificant relationship [16,40]. One study [44] found that perceived behavioral control moderates the attitude–purchase intention relationship, signaling that behavioral controls such as price might temper the attitude–intention relationship.

3.2.2. Marketing Mix

Marketing mix was the third most significant predictor of GCPI and GCPB after attitude and norms; marketing mixes were mentioned in the surveyed literature thirteen times. Among the marketing mix variables, price sensitivity/consciousness and product sensory appeal/sensorial expectations were significant predictors of GCPI. For example, Moslehpour et al. [50] showed that price sensitivity, i.e., consumers’ perceptions and responses toward the premium prices of green products, significantly and positively influenced purchasing intention. In addition, sensorial expectations significantly positively impacted the purchase intentions for personal care products that claimed to be natural [12].

3.2.3. Consumers’ Consequence Concerns

Consumers’ consciousness concerns were the fourth most significant predictor of GCPI and GCPB after TPB constructs and marketing mix-related variables; consciousness was mentioned in the surveyed literature eleven times. This included concern for consequences [59], environmentally conscious awareness/concern/value/pro-environmental belief [22,24,52]; health consciousness [19]; awareness of consequences [51], halal green awareness [42], awareness of green cosmetics [56], ethical concern/ethical consumerism [21], animal welfare/well-being concern [40], and self-image/self-appearance/personal appearance concern/consciousness [20,21].

3.2.4. Consumer Values

Consumer values were the next significant predictor of GCPI and GCPB, appearing ten times in the surveyed literature. These included altruistic value, egoistic motivation [19,20,21], functional value/perceived benefits [23,24], and lifestyle/LOHAS consumption tendency [21]. However, some value-related findings were equivocal; for instance, Suphasomboon and Vassanadumrongdee [24] found that perceived emotional value did not significantly impact purchase intention. Contrary to the general assumption, perceived safety value did not significantly affect purchase intention [12,25]. Ribeiro et al. [22] found no statistically significant direct effect of openness to change and conservation (two of the four higher-order fundamental human values of Schwartz) on purchase intention toward cannabis-based skincare products. Further, in contrast to the hypothesized relationship, Bharti et al. [33] found that some exceptional consumer values, such as consumer pessimism, affect organic cosmetic purchase behavior.

3.2.5. Brand-Related Attributes

Several brand-related attributes were positively associated with GCPI and GCPB, including green brand trust/certification trust [45,46,47], brand loyalty [25,31], brand awareness [31], brand attractiveness [39], and green brand value/brand equity [47,48]. Further, the corporate social responsibility issue significantly predicted CGPI [25,51].

3.2.6. Experience and Knowledge

Several studies found that consumers’ prior experience, environmental knowledge, and awareness of green cosmetics significantly influenced GCPI and GCPB. For example, Delistavrou et al. [36] showed that past behavior was positively associated with young consumers’ purchase intentions for ecological personal care products. Consumers’ past experience was positively associated with their purchase intention toward organic personal care products [44]. Green-cosmetics-related knowledge significantly influenced young Vietnamese women’s green cosmetics purchase intention [9]. Similarly, awareness of green cosmetics was positively correlated with purchase intention toward green cosmetics [56]. Environmental knowledge (i.e., knowledge of the environment and related issues) significantly and positively influenced Generation Y’s behavioral intention toward green cosmetics [50]. Environmental knowledge was positively associated with female Portuguese consumers’ buyer behaviors toward cruelty-free cosmetics [20].

3.2.7. Self-Efficacy

Three studies reported a positive relationship between self-efficacy and GCPI [9,17,51]. For example, self-efficacy (i.e., a consumer’s confidence in purchasing green cosmetics effectively) significantly and positively predicted young female Vietnamese consumers’ GCPI [9]. Munerah et al. [51] showed a significant impact of self-efficacy on Malaysians’ purchase intention for green beauty products. Similarly, self-efficacy significantly positively affected consumers’ intentions toward purchasing green personal care products [17].

3.2.8. Perceived Barriers

Sadiq et al. [55] examined the influence of perceived barriers (functional and psychological) on GCPI. They found that psychological barriers such as tradition and image barriers negatively affected eco-friendly cosmetic purchase intentions. However, contrary to the hypothesized relationship, Kumar et al. [23] found that perceived risks did not significantly impact the consumers’ purchase intentions for green cosmetics.

3.2.9. Other Factors

As reported in the Appendix A, several miscellaneous factors significantly directly affect green cosmetics purchase intentions and behaviors. For example, Bharti et al. [33] found that consumers’ subjective well-being significantly impacts purchase behavior. In addition, although it is not a frequently used construct in green purchase behavior, Kumar et al. [23] found that system trust (trust in government rules and regulations) significantly affects green purchase intention. In another interesting finding from a Saudi sample, Khan and Salim [19] revealed that students’ purchase preferences do not have a significant and positive effect on GCPI and that Saudi homemakers’ motivational factors do not have a significant influence on purchase intention. These two findings indicate the emergence of researching GCPI and GCPB in different cultural settings by considering diverse demographic conditions, as GCPI and GCPB are presumed to vary significantly based on context.

4. Discussion

This review shows that the theory of planned behavior constructs (attitude, norms, and perceived behavioral control) were significantly and positively related to GCPI and GCPB. Attitude was the most frequently demonstrated predictor of GCPI and GCPB, followed by norms and perceived behavioral control. These results suggest that the theory of planned behavior can be a suitable framework for understanding consumers’ green purchase intentions and behaviors. When developing promotional campaigns to increase consumers’ intentions toward purchasing green cosmetics, attention should be paid to consumers’ perceptions of green cosmetics to induce a positive attitude [14]. Advertising messages can highlight the influence of social pressure and emphasize green cosmetics purchase behavior as a norm in the current society [51]. Moreover, marketers can focus on enhancing consumers’ confidence in green cosmetics by informing them about their environment-friendly and certified organic products [9,14].

This review shows that marketing mix variables such as price sensitivity, price consciousness, product sensory appeal, and product sensorial expectations were strong predictors of GCPI. Thus, green cosmetics should be sold at reasonable prices; consumers should be fully informed about price differences between green and non-green cosmetics [14]. Furthermore, green cosmetics marketers should educate consumers about their products’ benefits to enhance their purchase intentions. Finally, the sensorial attributes of their products (e.g., color, scent, oiliness, and greasiness) should be considered when developing and marketing their products [12].

Several studies established consumer values and consciousness as essential determinants of GCPI and GCPB. Therefore, when developing green cosmetics, attention should also be given to the hedonic value (e.g., attractive design, packaging, and labeling) rather than solely focusing on the product’s benefits [18]. In addition, the hedonic value can be leveraged by using positive emotional appeals such as pride, pleasure, joy, and affection [8]. Moreover, marketers should consider highlighting the health benefits of their green cosmetics products. Since people with a high level of pessimism resist purchasing green cosmetics, marketing strategies can emphasize green cosmetics’ ecological and health benefits [33].

Our results show that brand-related attributes such as green brand trust, certification trust, corporate social responsibility, and brand equity were positively associated with GCPI and GCPB. Therefore, cosmetics companies manufacturing sustainable products may achieve a competitive advantage through a differentiation strategy by obtaining and promoting sustainability certifications [46]. Furthermore, green cosmetics marketers can promote their CSR initiatives by integrating philanthropic contributions into their business activities, blending their environmental initiatives with commercial procedures, and demonstrating their promises and commitments to improving the environment [51]. When targeting environmentally conscious consumers, it is crucial for cosmetics companies to promote their brands’ environmental sustainability initiatives. The results also demonstrate a dominant effect of brand image on purchase intention, which suggests that green cosmetics marketers can focus on building trust and tailor their communication campaigns to build and promote a brand image by showing their commitment to environmental sustainability and enhancing consumers’ confidence in their brands’ environmental promises [47].

Since psychological barriers such as tradition barriers and image barriers have strong negative associations with eco-friendly cosmetics purchase intentions, marketers and retailers can design promotional campaigns emphasizing the benefits of their green cosmetics over traditional alternatives [55]. To influence the attitudes and behavioral intentions of conscious consumers, promotional campaigns should highlight the benefits of using green cosmetic products regarding environmental well-being, especially ecological beauty, product safety, and affordable prices [44]. Furthermore, using endorsements and recruiting opinion leaders/influencers and public figures can be an effective strategy for advocating for and promoting green cosmetic products and increasing consumer attention to green cosmetics products [3].

5. Limitations and Directions for Future Research

The analyzed literature indicates several limitations that could be addressed through future research.

5.1. Sample Diversity and Generalization

An avenue for future research could be related to sample diversity. Scholars indicate that future studies should examine the determinants of GCPI and GCPB in different age groups [32], generations [42,45], genders [9,21], and ethnic groups [52]. Furthermore, it is imperative to consider various sociodemographic conditions, including income, education, religion, and life stages [2,9,15,22,25,32,54,57]. In addition, several scholars suggested that the findings be made more generalizable by employing larger samples extracted from different populations [22,40,53,58] and country-representative samples [8,12,15,48,57], employing cross-country analyses, or collecting data from different countries and cultures [2,10,21,23,24,33,36,38,40,45,46,47,52,55]. In addition, most studies included in this systematic review were carried out in Asia; therefore, future primary studies should be conducted to better understand the factors influencing green cosmetic consumption in Western societies.

5.2. Product Choice

There is also the possibility that each green cosmetic brand will possess its own uniqueness, which may result in differences in consumer perceptions regarding green products. Thus, future research can explore the predictors of GCPI and GCPB by comparing two or more green cosmetic products [23,32,52,57]. In addition, future research may include different natural claims and different percentages of naturalness [12]. Researchers also argued for a comparison between non-green consumers and consumers of green beauty products [51].

5.3. Model Complexities and Moderating Variables

Future research can consider the complexity of research models and moderating variables. Some variables proposed by the researchers include green behavior motivation and prior experience [32] as well as external variables such as merchandising, price, product benefit, atmosphere, user experience, availability, objective product knowledge, willingness to pay, promotional offers, government regulation, barriers to the adoption of green skincare cosmetics, consumers’ morality, advertising appeals (e.g., pride vs. guilt), personality traits, generativity, self-concept, country of origin [8,16,22,23,40,53,57,58], halal trust and halal reputation, brand awareness and willingness to pay [42], consumer satisfaction, loyalty, trust, involvement, and electronic word of mouth [8,14,53]. Some scholars advised considering the supply side of green cosmetics consumption [50].

5.4. Theoretical Underpinning

The theoretical diversity in the relevant research is another potential avenue for future research. For example, researchers advocate for a more diverse theoretical underpinning than merely TPB, including a variety of value theories [2,23], the trait theory of personality and attitude–behavior–contextual theory [33], neutralization theory [51], behavioral reasoning theory [23], or even a combination of two theoretical models [36]. Further, researchers have suggested that actual behavior should be used instead of behavioral intention and then evaluating how intentions affect actual behavior [2,9,13,36,58].

5.5. Data and Method

Future research can focus on data characteristics and methodological choices. Since most of the studies in this review used cross-sectional survey designs, future research should consider using a mix-method or experimental research design [2,9,17,18,33,52] or a longitudinal research design [2,10,14,25,32,33,38,54,58]. Several researchers argue for using data collection diversity rather than self-reported measures, which usually introduce survey biases [25,36,38]. Instead of convenience sampling, future research should rely more on probabilistic and random sampling [20,52,55]. In addition, using a more diverse data analysis technique is more desirable than SEM-PLS [10,42].

6. Conclusions

The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the empirical studies that examined the determinants of GCPI and GCPB. We identified ten clusters of themes for the factors associated with GCPI and GCPB: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, marketing mix, consumer consciousness concerns, consumer values, brand-related attributes, experience and knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers. These findings will help marketers frame their marketing strategies for promoting green cosmetic products.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.B.L. and A.F.M.J.A.; methodology, Y.B.L. and A.F.M.J.A.; formal analysis, A.F.M.J.A. and Y.B.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.B.L. and A.F.M.J.A.; writing—review and editing, Y.B.L. and A.F.M.J.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical approval was not required.

Informed Consent Statement

Ethical approval was not required.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Figures and Table

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram displaying inclusion and exclusion of studies.

Figure 2. Number of studies by year.

Figure 3. The determinants of GCPI and GCPB.

Figure 4. Major themes in previous research.

Table 1

Study characteristics and factors influencing GCPI and GCPB.

Author(s)	Year	Country	Population	Theory	Factors Influencing GCPI and GCPB
Ali et al. [2]	2022	Pakistan	Male	TPB	GCPI: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control
Al-Haddad et al. [31]	2020	Jordan	Female	TCV	GCPI: brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality
Askadilla and Krisjanti [32]	2017	Indonesia	General population	TPB	GCPI: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior
					GCPB: green purchase intention, perceived behavior control
Bharti et al. [33]	2022	India	General population	COR	GCPB: consumer pessimism, subjective well-being
					Moderator: external attribution
Chin et al. [3]	2018	Indonesia	Female	PERA	GCPI: attitude, subjective norms
Choi and Lee [25]	2019	South Korea	General population		GCPI: involvement in skin safety, trust in domain-specific information, brand loyalty, perceived social value
de Matos et al. [34]	2023	Brazil	General population	-	GCPI: enthusiasm, conscious participation, value, price
Delistavrou and Tilikidou [35]	2022	Greece	General population	TPB	GCPI: attitude, subjective norms, PBC
					Moderator: skepticism toward environmental claims
Delistavrou et al. [36]	2022	Greece	Generation Y	TPB	GCPI: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, past behavior
					Moderator: health consciousness
Dos Santos et al. [37]	2023	Brazil	General population	SCT	GCPI: source credibility, social media use
Gani et al. [38]	2023	Bangladesh	General population	SIT	GCPI: social media influence, customer engagement
					Moderator: generativity
Ghazali et al. [8]	2017	Malaysia	General population	TPB	GCPI: attitude, perceived behavior control
Grădinaru et al. [39]	2022	Romania	General population	TBL, SOR	GCPI: brand attractiveness
Grappe et al. [40]	2021	Canada	General population	TPB	GCPI: attitude toward a “not tested on animals” cosmetic product, animal welfare concern, subjective norms
Ha et al. [41]	2021	South Korea	General population	TPB	GCPB: attitude, subjective norm
Hansen et al. [13]	2012	Denmark	Female	TRA	GCPI: attitude, subjective norm
Hsu et al. [14]	2017	Taiwan	Student	TPB	GCPI: attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control
					Moderator: country of origin, price sensitivity
Irfany et al. [42]	2023	Indonesia	Generation Z	TRA, TPB	GCPI: halal green awareness, attitude
Jaini et al. [18]	2020a	Malaysia	General population	VBN	GCPB: personal norm
Jaini et al. [43]	2020b	Malaysia	General population	VBN	GCPB: personal norm
					Moderator: eWOM (e-word of mouth)
Khan and Salim [19]	2020	Saudi Arabia	Female		GCPI: motivational factors, purchase preference, health consciousness
Kim and Chung [44]	2011	USA	General population	TPB	GCPI: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, past experience
					Moderator: perceived behavior control
Kumar et al. [23]	2021	India	General population	SOBC	GCPI: perceived benefits, system trust
					Moderator: brand trust
Lavuri et al. [45]	2022	India	General population	S-O-RDFT	GCPI: trust, attitude
Lee et al. [46]	2020	South Korea	General population	CT	GCPI: attitude toward product, certification trust
Lee and Chen [47]	2019	Taiwan	General population		GCPI: green brand trust, green brand equity
Lili et al. [48]	2022	China	General population		GCPI: attitudes toward green cosmetics, brand equity
Limbu et al. [9]	2022	Vietnam	Female	IMB	GCPI: green-cosmetics-related knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, self-efficacy
Magano et al. [20]	2022	Portugal	General population	TPB	GCPB: attitude toward cruelty-free cosmetics, altruism, environmental knowledge, subjective norms
Marangon et al. [49]	2015	Italy	General population	DCE	GCPI: no animal testing, organic product, recyclable packaging
Moslehpour et al. [50]	2021	Thailand	Generation Y	TPB	GCPI: attitude toward green packaging, environmental knowledge, green price sensitivity
Munerah et al. [51]	2021	Malaysia	General population	NAT	GCPI: awareness of consequences, efficacy, social norm, environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives, personal norm.
Najm et al. [52]	2023	Malaysia	General population	VBN, TPB	GCPI: personal attitude, environmental concern, packaging design, package’s printed information
Pop et al. [53]	2020	Romania, Hungary	Female	TPB	GCPI: attitude, subjective norms
Pudaruth [21]	2015	Mauritius	Female		GCPI: lifestyles, self-image, health and economic considerations, ethical consumerism, pharmacological essence of green cosmetics and beauty care products, visual appeal and physical cues in cosmetic stores, price-conscious decisions and effective promotion, belief in ethical claims in green messages, brand image and user experience, sales representatives and social influences
Quoquab et al. [54]	2020	Malaysia	General population	VBN	GCPB: personal norms
					Moderator: gender
Ribeiro et al. [22]	2022	Portugal	General population	TPB	GCPI: environmental awareness, attitude toward cannabis-based skincare cosmetics, attitude toward the industrial use of cannabis-based skincare cosmetics
Sadiq et al. [55]	2021	India	General population	IRT	GCPI: functional barriers (usage, value, risk), psychological barriers (tradition, image)
					Moderators: environmental concern, health concern
Sharma et al. [56]	2021	India	General population		GCPI: age, educational qualification
Shimul et al. [16]	2022	South Africa	Female	TPB	GCPI: subjective norm, attitude, perceived behavioral control (NS)
					Moderator: consumer involvement
Simão et al. [12]	2022	Portugal	General population		GCPI: perceived efficacy, sensorial expectations
Singhal and Malik [57]	2018	India	Female		GCPI: attitude
Suphasomboon and Vassanadumrongdee [24]	2022	Thailand	General population	PVT	GCPI: perceived functional value, ethical concern
Susanty et al. [17]	2021	Indonesia	General population	TPB	GCPI: outcome expectation, self-efficacy, subjective norms
					GCPB: purchase intention
					Moderator: contextual factors
Tengli and Srinivasan [15]	2022	India	General population	TPB	GCPI: attitude toward environmentally friendly and natural cosmetics, perceived behavioral controlGCPB: intention, perceived behavioral control
Vergura et al. [58]	2020	Italy	General population	S-O-R	GCPI: hedonic attitude, utilitarian attitude
Zahid et al. [59]	2018	Pakistan	General population	TPB	GCPI: concern for consequences
Zollo et al. [10]	2021	Spain, Italy	General population	SPT	GCPI: information adoption

Note: GCPI = green cosmetics purchase intention, GCPB = green cosmetics purchase behavior, COR = conservation of resources theory, CT = categorization theory, DCE = discrete choice modeling, DFT = dual factor theory, IRT = innovation resistance theory, PERA = pro-environmental reasoned action, PVT = perceived value theory, NAT = norm activation theory, TBL = triple bottom line, TCV = theory of consumption values, TPB = theory of planned behavior, SCT = source credibility theory, SIT = social influence theory, SPT = social proof theory, S-O-R = stimulus–organism–response, SOBC = stimulus–organism–behavior–consequence; VBN = value–belief–norm.

Appendix A. Major Themes in Previous Research

	Theme	Frequency	Studies
1.	Attitude	27
	Attitude		[2,3,9,13,14,15,16,17,32,35,36,41,42,46,48,52,53,57]
	Attitude toward (re)purchasing organic/natural PCP		[8,44]
	Attitude toward cannabis-based skincare cosmetics		[22]
	Attitude toward the industrial use of cannabis-based skincare cosmetics		[22]
	Attitude toward cruelty-free cosmetics		[20]
	Attitude toward “not tested on animals” cosmetic products		[40]
	Green attitude		[45]
	Attitude toward green packaging		[50]
	Hedonic attitude		[58]
	Utilitarian attitude		[58]
2.	Norms	19
	Subjective norm		[2,3,9,13,14,15,16,17,20,32,35,36,40,41,44,53]
	Personal norm		[18,51,54]
	Social norm		[51]
3.	Perceived behavioral control	9	[2,8,14,15,20,32,35,36,44]
4.	Marketing mix	13
	Price sensitivity/consciousness		[34,50]
	Product sensory appeal/sensorial expectations		[12]
	Perceived efficacy		[12]
	Packaging design		[52]
	Package’s printed information		[52]
	No animal testing		[49]
	Organic product		[49]
	Recyclable packaging		[49]
	Customer engagement		[38]
	Enthusiasm		[34]
	Perceived quality		[31]
	Conscious participation		[34]
5.	Consumers’ consequence concerns	11
	Concern for consequences		[59]
	Environmentally conscious awareness/concern/value/pro-environmental belief		[22,24,52]
	Health consciousness		[19]
	Awareness of consequences		[51]
	Halal green awareness		[42]
	Awareness of green cosmetics		[56]
	Ethical concern/ethical consumerism		[21]
	Animal welfare/well-being concern		[40]
	Self-image/self-appearance/personal appearance concern/consciousness		[20,21]
6.	Consumer value	10
	Value (egoistic motivation)/altruistic value/motivation		[19,20,21]
	Values		[34]
	Functional value/perceived benefits		[23,24]
	Lifestyle/LOHAS consumption tendency		[21]
	Social value		[25]
	Consumer pessimism		[33]
7.	Brand-related attributes	10
	Green brand trust/trust/certification trust		[45,46,47]
	Green brand value/brand equity		[47,48]
	Trust in domain-specific information		[25]
	Corporate social responsibility (CSR) image/environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR)		[51]
	Brand loyalty		[25,31]
	Brand attractiveness		[39]
	Brand awareness		[31]
8.	Experience and knowledge	5
	Environmental knowledge		[20,50]
	Past experience/behavior with organic products		[36,44]
	Green cosmetic knowledge		[9]
9.	Self-efficacy	3	[9,17,51]
10.	Perceived barriers	2
	Functional		[55]
	Psychological		[55]
11.	Other factors	9
	Information adoption		[10]
	Social media influence		[37,38]
	Motivational factors		[19]
	Purchase preference		[19]
	Involvement in skin safety		[25]
	Subjective well-being		[33]
	System trust		[23]
	Source credibility		[37]

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