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Abstract
Simulating the carbon-water fluxes at more widely distributed meteorological stations based on the sparsely and unevenly distributed eddy covariance flux stations is needed to accurately understand the carbon-water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. We established a new framework consisting of machine learning, determination coefficient (R2), Euclidean distance, and remote sensing (RS), to simulate the daily net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and water flux (WF) of the Eurasian meteorological stations using a random forest model or/and RS. The daily NEE and WF datasets with RS-based information (NEE-RS and WF-RS) for 3774 and 4427 meteorological stations during 2002–2020 were produced, respectively. And the daily NEE and WF datasets without RS-based information (NEE-WRS and WF-WRS) for 4667 and 6763 meteorological stations during 1983–2018 were generated, respectively. For each meteorological station, the carbon-water fluxes meet accuracy requirements and have quasi-observational properties. These four carbon-water flux datasets have great potential to improve the assessments of the ecosystem carbon-water dynamics.
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1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309); Ghent University, Department of Geography, Ghent, Belgium (GRID:grid.5342.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2069 7798); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.410726.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1797 8419); Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.458469.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0038 6319); Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent, Belgium (GRID:grid.458469.2)
2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
3 Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.410726.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1797 8419)
4 Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing, China (GRID:grid.260478.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9249 2313)
5 Hohai University, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing, China (GRID:grid.257065.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 3465)
6 Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Computer Vision & Remote Sensing, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.6734.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2292 8254)
7 Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309); University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323 Choba, East-West, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Port Harcourt, Nigeria (GRID:grid.412737.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2186 7189)
8 Ghent University, Department of Geography, Ghent, Belgium (GRID:grid.5342.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2069 7798)
9 Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zürich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5801.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 2780)
10 Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Tjele, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722)
11 Poznan University of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan, Poland (GRID:grid.410688.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 4669)
12 Sol, Agro et hydrosystèmes, Spatialisation (SAS), UMR 1069, INRAE, Institut Agro, Rennes, France (GRID:grid.462545.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0404 9565)
13 University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu campus, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu, Finland (GRID:grid.9668.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0726 2490); Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland (GRID:grid.22642.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 4668 6757)
14 University of Padova - DAFNAE, Padova, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470)
15 A.N Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia (GRID:grid.437665.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1088 7934)
16 Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.8657.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2253 8678); University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
17 Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain (GRID:grid.7737.4)
18 CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.508721.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1689)
19 Wageningen Univertsity, Water Systems and Global change group, Wageningen, Netherlands (GRID:grid.4818.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0791 5666)
20 Université Paris-Saclay, ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Palaiseau, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535)
21 University of Liège – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Terra Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium (GRID:grid.410510.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 9043)
22 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK (GRID:grid.494924.6)
23 Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (GRID:grid.7942.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 713X)
24 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.410727.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 0526 1937)
25 TUD Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tharandt, Germany (GRID:grid.4488.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2111 7257)
26 Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany (GRID:grid.11081.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 0550 8217)
27 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany (GRID:grid.23731.34) (ISNI:0000 0000 9195 2461)
28 School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland (GRID:grid.9668.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0726 2490)
29 Shanxi University, School of Life Science, Taiyuan, China (GRID:grid.163032.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 2008)
30 Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland (GRID:grid.6435.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1512 9569)
31 Eurac research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Bolzano, Italy (GRID:grid.418908.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 1089 6435)
32 Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (GRID:grid.5771.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 8122)
33 Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Institute of Ecology and School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing, China (GRID:grid.260478.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9249 2313)
34 European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy (GRID:grid.434554.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1758 4137)
35 Poznan University of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan, Poland (GRID:grid.410688.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 4669)
36 Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala, Sweden (GRID:grid.8993.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9457)
37 Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium (GRID:grid.435417.0)
38 Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.8657.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2253 8678)
39 Qufu Normal University, School of life sciences, Qufu, China (GRID:grid.412638.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0227 8151)
40 University of Clermont Auvergne, Grassland Ecosystem Research, INRAE, VetAgro-Sup, Clermont Ferrand, France (GRID:grid.494717.8) (ISNI:0000000115480420)
41 Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs, Department of Environmental Engineering, Lyngby, Denmark (GRID:grid.5170.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 8870)
42 Global Change Research Institute CAS, Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Brno, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.426587.a)
43 Gothenburg University, Departement of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden (GRID:grid.8761.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9919 9582)
44 University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Wilrijk, Belgium (GRID:grid.5284.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 3681)
45 Agrosphere Institute IBG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany (GRID:grid.8385.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 375X)
46 Trinity College Dublin, School of Natural Sciences, Botany Discipline, Dublin, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705)
47 National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan (GRID:grid.416835.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2222 0432)
48 University of Trento, Center Agriculture Food Environment, Trento, Italy (GRID:grid.11696.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0351)
49 University College Cork, College Road, School of Engineering & Architecture, Cork, Republic of Ireland (GRID:grid.7872.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2331 8773)
50 Bioeconomy and environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.22642.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 4668 6757)
51 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lhasa Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
52 Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
53 Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Portici, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1781 6209)
54 University of Copenhagen, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen K, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
55 Hokkaido University, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Sapporo, Japan (GRID:grid.39158.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 7691)
56 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Yakutsk, Russia (GRID:grid.415877.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2254 1834)
57 Climate Change Dept., Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, Italy (GRID:grid.415877.8)
58 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
59 Kyoto University, Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
60 Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.410726.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1797 8419); Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.458469.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0038 6319); Chinese Academy of Sciences, The National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Sustainable Development in Arid Region (proposed), Urumqi, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 3309)