At the end of 2019, the emergence of an unknown disease affecting the Chinese population was followed in the news. In early 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified and characterized the agent as a new type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a potential cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, declaring a pandemic status. The high transmissibility, associated with the rapid spread and the lack of effective drugs and vaccines, contributed to the expansion of the disease (COVID-19), the development of variants and the high mortality rate. During two years of pandemic, there were more than 200 million cases and more than five million deaths worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021).
COVID-19 has sparked a public health crisis with enormous challenges for both systems and healthcare professionals. The rapid evolution and severity of the disease required governments to organize contingency plans and mitigation measures. There was a need to increase intensive care beds, create field hospitals, hire professionals and purchase highly complex equipment, such as mechanical ventilators, and supplies, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), causing a great socioeconomic impact, especially in Brazilian public health.
Regarding healthcare professionals, the presence of COVID-19 exposes them to various occupational hazards, which include, among others: COVID-19 infections; injuries from prolonged use of PPE; stigmatization; discrimination; psychological distress and chronic fatigue (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde [OPAS], 2021). With the advent of the pandemic, Intensive Care has become a reference to the severe response to COVID-19, and can be classified as a very high-risk environment for exposure.
The exposure of health workers to stressful environments and conditions increases the level of weariness, both physical and mental, which can lead to exhaustion due to excessive individual effort, affecting their quality of life and of their work. During the pandemic, fragility and concern about workers' mental health have been perceived, and nursing was the most affected class. Researches indicate the presence of anxiety, stress, depression, fear, anguish and other diseases caused by work overload, such as Burnout Syndrome (BS) (Morgantini et al., 2020; Prado, Peixoto, Silva, & Scalia, 2020).
BS is defined as a consequence of chronic stress in response to emotional and physical stressors present in the work environment. The weariness that this syndrome causes leads the professional to a physical and mental exhaustion, which causes that his relationship with work lose meaning (Benevides-Pereira, 2003; Ministério da Saúde & Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde no Brasil, 2001).
The syndrome can be characterized in three dimensions, based on a socio-psychological conception: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low professional fulfillment. Exhaustion refers to physical and mental tiredness, leading to a lack of energy and indisposition. Depersonalization is an attitude of indifference, cynicism and irony towards others. And low professional fulfillment is evidenced by feelings of dissatisfaction and demotivation with work activities (Benevides-Pereira, 2003).
In the health area, the presence of BS is an aggravating factor, since a sick professional cannot offer quality care to patients. Such behavior generates professional dissatisfaction, discomfort in the working environment and with co-workers, due to the unwillingness to carry out the activities (Benevides-Pereira, 2003). Nursing professionals are more susceptible to developing the syndrome, because of the characteristics of direct patient care (Silva et al., 2020).
Due to the pandemic situation in which these professionals are inserted, there is an exacerbated demand for health services. The lack of structure and inexperience to face a phenomenon of uncertain causes generates disturbances and psychological reactions that can intensify existing mental problems or interfere negatively in the state of mental health, which can cause BS.
Based on the above, this study aimed to investigate Burnout Syndrome (BS) and associated factors in nursing professionals in intensive care units (ICU) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method
Participants
The study population consisted of 455 (N) professional nurses and technicians working in the ICUs of state public hospitals in the city of (information hidden to preserve the blind review), with a confidence level of 95% and a sampling error of five percentage points. For the sample size calculation, a finite population was considered based on a 50% chance estimate of the prevalence of BS. The study consisted of 157 (n) nursing professionals working in Intensive Care Units (ICU) COVID-19.
The power of the sample is equivalent to (1 - [beta]) 94% ([beta] = 6,15%) and 95% confidence level ([alpha] = 5%) to detect areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve equal to or greater than 0.50 as significant. All nurses and nursing technicians who work in direct care of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU were included. The exclusion criteria were all professionals who did not perform direct care activities for patients.
About the participants, they were between 21 and 56 years old (M = 35.94; SD = 7.08), most were female (127), lived with their partners (68.2%) and had children (72%). Among the nursing staff, those with a technical level prevailed (70.7%), with an emergency institutional bond (51.6%), with a 24-hour shift (79.6%), working time in the ICU <= three years and without specialization in intensive care (68.2%). Among the 157 professionals, 68.2% had double employment contracts, 42.5% worked overtime.
Instruments
Sociodemographic and occupational questionnaire. Instrument composed of 15 items that address personal, professional and occupational data, with open and closed questions. Sociodemographic variables included: gender, age, marital status, children and education. Occupational variables were: specialization in ICU, occupational category, institutional bond, shift per hour, professional activity time, working time in the ICU, working hours, work bond, overtime/month and overtime hours/month.
Questionnaire of working conditions during COVID-19. Instrument based on references from Barello, Palamenghi e Graffigna (2020) e Morgantini et al. (2020), related to working conditions during COVID-19. It consists of the following full questions, with dichotomous answers (yes/no): "did you receive specific COVID-19 training?"; "was there adequate provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) during your interaction with COVID-19 patients?"; "did you use adequate PPE?"; "have you been tested positive for COVID-19?"; "have you been quarantined?"; "was one of your family members found positive for COVID-19?"; "was mental health support provided?"; "do you feel that you are at risk of being infected/reinfected by COVID-19?"; "have you ever thought about leaving the ICU environment during the pandemic?".
Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Instrument developed to assess the presence of Burnout Syndrome in health professionals. The Brazilian version used in the present study was adapted and validated by Trigo et al. (2018). It consists of 22 questions, on a Likert-type scale from 0 to 6 points (0 = never, 1 = a few times a year, 2 = once a month, 3 = a few times a month, 4 = once a week, 5 = a few times a week, 6 = every day). The instrument assesses three dimensions related to the characteristics of the syndrome: emotional exhaustion (EE); depersonalization (DE) and professional fulfillment (RP). In the study by Trigo et al. (2018), Cronbach's alpha values for the dimensions of the MBI instrument were: 0.867 for EE; 0.550 for DE and 0.587 for RP.
Procedures
Data collection. The collection occurred from February to April 2021. A total of 32 on-site visits, 159 approaches and two declared refusals were added. The visits took place through the professionals' work schedule, following the professional safety protocol for COVID-19.
The professionals were approached individually during working hours, with prior authorization and explanation of the purpose of the research, respecting the best time and place for the application of the questionnaire, after accepting to participate in the study, through the Free and Informed Consent Form. The average response time was 12 minutes.
Data were collected from the application of online questionnaires through electronic devices (tablets and smartphones) available to the participants and in the presence of the researcher. Each question was programmed to have mandatory answers, that is, the participant would advance to the next question from the answer to the previous one. For participants who chose to respond on their personal device, the access link was available and, after completion, it was deleted by the researcher.
Data analysis. Independent variables were grouped into sociodemographic (block 1), occupational (block 2) and working conditions during the pandemic (block 3). The analyzes of blocks 1, 2 and 3 present possible confounding variables that were evaluated in the multivariate model. The dependent variable was Burnout Syndrome (BS).
Measures of mean central tendency and standard deviation were performed for each of the BS dimensions, absence (mean low risk <4) and presence (mean high risk >=4). Subsequently, Cronbach's Alpha test was applied (ɑ) to verify the internal consistency of the instruments.
The analysis of the MBI was based on the calculation of the average in each dimension of the instrument, having as a cut off reference the value four of the Likert scale, referring to "a few times a week". Individuals with an average equal to or greater than "once a week" in the EE or DE dimensions were at high risk for Burnout Syndrome; in the RP dimension, responses below the value four also characterized a high risk for the syndrome. In this study, the presence of BS was classified when a score indicating high risk in any of the dimensions was independently verified (Lima, Farah, & Bustamante-Teixeira, 2018).
The prevalence of BS was calculated based on sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics, according to the working conditions of professionals who worked in ICUs during COVID-19. In order to verify the association between the presence of BS and the aforementioned variables, Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test were applied.
With the execution of the logistic regression analysis, four models were tested. Model 1 was composed only of socioeconomic variables; in Model 2, occupational variables were added; Model 3 and Model 4 (final) were made up of sociodemographic, occupational and working conditions during the pandemic variables.
In Models 1 to 3, all the variables chosen were inserted, that is, all variables were considered for the result of the adjusted odds. In the calculation of the final model (model 4), the forward method was used, thus, only statistically significant variables were inserted one by one for the final constitution of the adjusted model. In this model, the adjusted odds ratios were presented with the respective 95% confidence intervals. The final significance level adopted was 5%.
Ethical Considerations
The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Rondônia, CAAE No. 40521220.5.0000.5300, complying with the requirements of Resolutions nº 466/2012 and 510/2016 of the National Health Council.
Results
The MBI instrument showed substantial internal consistency ([alpha] = 0.736), however, when analyzed by dimensions, almost perfect consistency was found for emotional exhaustion ([alpha] = 0.860), substantial consistency for depersonalization ([alpha] = 0.708) and moderate consistency for professional fulfillment ([alpha] = 0.600).
A percentage of 45.2% of the inventories analyzed showed results consistent with a high risk of Burnout Syndrome. Regarding the dimensions evaluated, 28.7% responded for high risk of BS for emotional exhaustion, 3.8% for depersonalization and 24.8% for low professional fulfillment.
As shown in Table 1, the sociodemographic variables associated with the greater presence of BS were female gender (p = 0.040), not having children (p = 0.043) and higher education level (p = 0.034). As for the occupational variables, relations were found between BS and the statutory institutional bond (p = 0.014), professional experience greater than or equal to three years (p = 0.047) and working time in the ICU greater than or equal to three years (p = 0.036).
Questions related to working conditions during COVID-19 associated with the presence of BS were: those who tested positive for the disease (p = 0.003), those who were quarantined (p = 0.020), those who felt at risk of being infected/reinfected by COVID-19 (p = 0.001) and those who already thought about leaving the ICU environment during the pandemic (p < 0.001).
Table 2 presents the models with progressive adjustments for variables with p value less than 0.2 in the univariate analysis. After adjusting for variables in all domains, it was found that the following sociodemographic variables remained associated with the presence of BS: female gender (RC = 2.21; IC 95% 1.16-5.66) and not having children (RC = 2.48; IC 95% 1.09-5.47). In the occupational variables, only the statutory institutional bond had a greater chance of the presence of BS (RC = 1.80; IC 95% 1.03-3.05). As for working conditions during the pandemic, professionals tested positive for COVID-19 (RC = 3.17; IC 95% 1.77-5.61) and those who declared wanting to leave the ICU environment during the pandemic (RC = 5.69; IC 95% 2.74-11.79) remained associated with the presence of BS in the final model.
[Image omitted: See PDF]
[Image omitted: See PDF]
Discussion
The results obtained in this study point to a high risk for Burnout Syndrome in 45.2% of the nursing staff who work on the front line of COVID-19 in the ICU of two public hospitals. In studies carried out in other places in Brazil, the prevalence of the syndrome in nursing professionals during the pandemic ranged from 25.5% to 33.7% (Freitas et al., 2021; Salviato & Vasconcelos Filho, 2021). The pandemic also revealed a worldwide exhaustion of professionals, however, it is expected that the variability of criteria used to identify the presence of BS, as well as personal, organizational, work and social characteristics, can generate different results from the prevalence of the syndrome (Benevides-Pereira, 2003).
Furthermore, in the study by Morgantini et al. (2020), on health professional burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic, half (51.4%) of respondents from 33 countries had exhaustion, and of these, the United States recorded the highest prevalence of Burnout, with a percentage of 62.8%. Superior results occurred in Belgium, with a prevalence of 68%, which corroborates the presence of a high risk of BS in health professionals working in the pandemic (Bruyneel, Smith, Tack, & Pirson, 2021).
Researches indicate that Burnout added to the pandemic is associated with moderate to severe levels of anxiety, depression, impaired sleep quality, work overload and anguish (Dal'Bosco et al., 2020; Sevinc et al., 2021). The authors concluded, with concern, the need for intervention to minimize the illness of these professionals, since they represent more than 50% of the health workforce, impacting direct patient care.
Nursing is among the classes of health professionals most affected by the syndrome, even before the Coronavirus. According to studies by Mota, Figueiredo, Siqueira, Queiroz and Santos (2020) and Silva et al. (2020), nursing showed a medium/high pattern of burnout and one of the main triggering factors is linked to the main characteristic of the profession: caring for others.
Direct care requires a lot of zeal and demands longer care time, leading to work overload and frequent exposure to environmental and emotional stressors, such as pain, suffering and death (Mota et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020). It is worth mentioning that, when it comes to care within intensive care, the Federal Council of Nursing recognizes the need for longer dedication to critical patient care when compared to other areas of professional practice (Conselho Federal de Enfermagem [COFEN], 2017).
When assessing BS through each dimension, higher scores were found in two of the countries most affected at the beginning of the pandemic. In China, the results of Hu et al. (2020) showed high values in the categories emotional exhaustion (41.5%, n = 835) and depersonalization (27.6%, n = 556). In Italy, in a sample of 1,153 professionals, EE reached a high-moderate level, with 59.9%, followed by DE, with 50.8%, and low professional fulfillment in 53.2% (Barello et al., 2020).
Research carried out in the Brazilian Southeast region identified that the nursing team had high EE (44.26%), high DE (56.61%) and low RP (27.22%) (Salviato & Vasconcelos Filho, 2021). In the present study, in turn, less expressive situations were identified, with 28.7% for high EE, 3.8% for high DE and 24.8% for low RP, which demonstrates different effects of the pandemic in different locations and periods.
It is worth noting that in this study, as in Barello et al. (2020), Hu et al. (2020) and Salviato and Vasconcelos Filho (2021), the EE dimension was observed as the majority manifestation. Interpersonal demands, work load and pressure are triggers for exhaustion. Although there is no process development order for BS, the professional can either experience all dimensions, or just one.
The DE experienced by the nursing category of the ICU sector may be the last manifested dimension. It is more difficult to identify depersonalization in an environment where there is less space for demonstrating empathy towards the other, since in the ICU, in general, the relationship between the nursing team and the patient may be absent due to the serious situation (coma/unconsciousness). Thus, the connection between the professional identity centered on the notion of care, added to interactions of a more mechanical/operational nature, can lead to greater difficulty in attributing oneself as indifferent towards patients, which could mask the presence of DE.
The work environment plays a mediating role of emotions in daily work and the fear of contracting COVID-19 in the ICU may have negatively affected the levels of EE and DE. The pandemic changed organizational dynamics and generated occupational tension in the face of a public health problem, exposing bottlenecks in the government system and demanding "heroic" actions from already fatigued professionals, exposed to a disease with high rates of infection and death (Borges et al., 2021).
In the present study, in the sociodemographic block, the presence of BS was associated with female gender and not having children. In studies that assess the presence of the syndrome in the nursing class, the predominance of female gender in the profession is observed, as a historical and cultural characteristic of it, due to the association of the essence of care with women. This fact can interfere with the results when associations are made with female gender (Lima et al., 2018; Oliveira et al., 2017). Benevides-Pereira (2003) reports that there is no unanimity regarding the incidence between genders, but levels of emotional exhaustion are high in female gender, either because of the social role that women play, because they more easily express their emotions or because of the burden of the double shift (home and work) to which they are subjected (López-Atanes, Recio-Barbero, & Saénz-Herrero, 2020).
Regarding the association between having children and BS, Salviato and Vasconcelos Filho (2021) found its presence related to the DE domain, with a positive association. In this study, the association was negative, since BS was more present among those who did not have children. This evidence may be related to the development of coping strategies in conflicting and stressful situations. In addition, having children can be a source of motivation for maintaining employment, especially considering the economic crisis that was accentuated during the pandemic context.
In occupational variables, statutory institutional bond was more associated with risk for BS. In this case, an analysis can be made by the following aspects: this category of bond allows a long institutional and professional permanence, favoring the emergence of Burnout, which insidiously consumes the professional in his work activities (Benevides-Pereira, 2003). The structure and functioning of the workplace shape the way in which people interact with each other and carry out their work. The organizational changes and changes in the physical environment that occurred with the emergence of COVID-19, interfering with hospital routines and the behavior of professionals when having to deal with the risks of the disease, caused insecurity and fear, which may have triggered the syndrome that until then was latent in these professionals.
Length of professional experience and length of work in the ICU were associated with a higher risk of BS in professionals with more than three years of practice. At the beginning of the pandemic, there were admissions of new professionals, and the more experienced were responsible for training and passing routines, which increased their workload. Added to these new attributions, it is considered that years of work in critical sectors provide an intense daily life, predisposing to mental exhaustion (Correia & Almeida, 2020; Dal'Bosco et al., 2020).
The results of this study occurred at a time when nursing professionals were experiencing the second wave of COVID-19, when there was a resurgence of the disease after a reduction in the rate of new cases, hospitalizations and deaths in Brazil. Until the first week of April 2021, in the second wave, 8,246,530 new cases and 209,409 deaths were quantified in the country, with a weekly average reaching 9,105 (Moura et al., 2021).
Considering this time frame, professionals were concerned about their lives and their families, since they were more susceptible to the risk of contamination in the ICU environment when compared to the general population. The analysis of the study showed an association between Burnout and professionals who had COVID-19 and professionals who considered leaving the ICU environment during the pandemic.
Professionals working on the front lines experience constant stressful situations: either at work, being exposed to high rates of contamination, prolonged exposure to the virus and lack of adequate PPE, or in the family environment, with the possibility of becoming infected or contaminating family members and friends, experiencing isolation and the fear of death. In the multivariate regression analysis of the study by Morgantini et al. (2020), the syndrome was associated, in professionals exposed to COVID-19, with a negative impact on quality of life and lack of mental health support.
While professionals wage a war against COVID-19, institutions must promote actions to reduce the negative impacts, in the short and long term, on their emotional well-being and quality of life. Data from the present research showed that 46.2% of professionals affected by Burnout did not receive mental health support. Supporting these workers must be an institutional policy developed by the worker's health sector, as the syndrome is related to the working conditions to which the person is exposed.
The nursing code of ethics protects the professional's right to "exercise activities in workplaces free from risks and damages and from physical and psychological violence to the worker's health" (COFEN, 2017). Political, administrative and economic problems lead professionals to submit to exhausting conditions and, if professionals and institutions are not prepared to handle the problems, the effects of Burnout Syndrome can be intensified (Rabelo & Siqueira, 2021).
A diagnosed case of Burnout is a predictor for the evaluation of the conditions of the professional's work environment, since health organizations have an important influence on the psychological state of the professional and that, after going through negative and conflicting experiences, he may present mental disorders. It is noteworthy that the absence of so-called psychiatric disorders does not ensure adequate mental health, and that the apparent adaptation to work during a pandemic process cannot always indicate a state of well-being.
Mourão, Costa, Silva and Lima (2017) conclude that, despite many researches and scientific publications on Burnout Syndrome in the context of nursing, few studies carry out reflections and notes on possible strategies and solutions for coping with and minimizing this syndrome in the organizational environment, including in the ICU. In addition to the scientific contribution, it is expected that the results of this study can guide institutions to planning risk management in pandemic contexts, as well as to the development of evidence-based strategies and to reflections and attitudes towards workers' health.
The results of this study showed the presence of BS in nursing professionals during a phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this scenario, it was found that old risk factors remained associated with BS: female gender and having a longer professional experience. On the other hand, a factor previously identified as protective (not having children) became a risk factor. And having a statutory bond, having a longer time working in the ICU, tested positive for COVID-19 and the desire to leave the ICU during the pandemic, proved to be added factors in the pandemic context.
The study has some limitations. As it is a syndrome, it is noteworthy that the MBI should not be considered a diagnostic tool, since it is necessary to evaluate other clinical criteria, such as work history and the association of depressive and/or anxious syndrome (Ministério da Saúde & Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde no Brasil, 2001). In addition, the cross-sectional study does not allow an analysis of cause and effect, but the correlations allow the identification of possible predictors for Burnout, enabling the development of individual strategies aimed at the risk factor.
Finally, the absence of an instrument to assess the impact of the pandemic on the exhaustion of professionals leads to the use of adapted tools. With the continuation of the pandemic and the intensification of stressful processes, it is recommended to carry out studies in different periods of the pandemic, to track causal and protective factors for BS and direct health actions both in the preventive and curative scope.
Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Burnout and somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatric Research, 290, 113129. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129
Benevides-Pereira, A. M. T. (2003). O estado da arte do Burnout no Brasil [The state of the art in Burnout in Brazil]. Revista Eletrônica InterAção Psy, 1(1), 4-11. Retrieved from https://gepeb.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/o-estado-da-arte-do-burnout-no-brasil.pdf https://gepeb.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/o-estado-da-arte-do-burnout-no-brasil.pdf
Borges, F. E. S., Aragão, D. F. B., Borges, F. E. S., Borges, F. E. S., Sousa, A. S. J., & Machado, A. L. G. (2021).Fatores de risco para a Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais da saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19 [Risk factors for Burnout Syndrome in health professional during the COVID-19 pandemic. Revista Enfermagem Atual in Derme, 95(33), e-021006. doi:10.31011/reaid-2020-v.94-n.32-art.835 https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2020-v.94-n.32-art.835
Bruyneel, A., Smith, P., Tack, J., & Pirson, M. (2021). Prevalence of Burnout risk and factors associated with Burnout risk among ICU nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in French speaking Belgium. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 65, 103059. doi:10.1016/J.ICCN.2021.103059 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ICCN.2021.103059
Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. (2017, 6 de novembro). Resolução COFEN No. 564. Aprova o novo Código de Ética dos Profissionais de Enfermagem [Approve the new Nursing Professionals Code of Ethics]. Brasília (DF): COFEN. Retrieved from http://www.cofen.gov.br/resolucao-cofen-no-5642017_59145.html http://www.cofen.gov.br/resolucao-cofen-no-5642017_59145.html
Correia, I., & Almeida, A. E. (2020). Organizational justice, professional identification, empathy, and meaningful work during COVID-19 pandemic: Are they Burnout protectors in physicians and nurses? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 566139. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566139 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566139
Dal'Bosco, E. B., Floriano, L. S. M., Skupien, S. V., Arcaro, G., Martin, A. R., & Anselmo, A. C. C. (2020). Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73(Suppl. 2), e20200434. doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434 https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434
Freitas, R. F., Barros, I. M., Miranda, M. A. F., Freitas, T. F.,Rocha, J. S. B., & Lessa, A. C. (2021). Preditores da síndrome de Burnout em técnicos de enfermagem de unidade de terapia intensiva durante a pandemia da COVID-19 [Predictors of Burnout syndrome in nursing technicians in na intensive care unit during the COVID-19 pandemic]. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 70(1), 12-20.doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000313 https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000313
Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L. X., ... Zhu, J. (2020). Frontline nurses' Burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424
Lima, A. S., Farah, B. F., & Bustamante-Teixeira, M. T. (2018). Análise da prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais da atenção primária em saúde [Analysis of the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in professional of primary health care]. Trabalho, Educação e Saúde, 16(1), 283-304. doi:10.1590/1981-7746-sol00099 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00099
López-Atanes, M., Recio-Barbero, M., & Sáenz-Herrero, M. (2020).Are women still "the other"? Gendered mental health interventions for health care workers in Spain during COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), 243-244. doi:10.1037/tra0000751 https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000751
Ministério da Saúde & Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde no Brasil. (2001). Doenças relacionadas ao trabalho: Manual de procedimento para os serviços de saúde [Work-related illnesses: Procedure manual for health services]. Brasília (DF): Author. Retrieved from https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/doencas_relacionadas_trabalho_manual_procedimentos.pdf https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/doencas_relacionadas_trabalho_manual_procedimentos.pdf
Morgantini, L. A., Naha, U., Wang, H., Francavilla, S., Acar, O., Flores, J. M., ... Weine, S. M. (2020). Factors contributing to healthcare professional Burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid turnaround global survey. PLoS One, 15(9), e0238217. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238217 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238217
Mota, B. S., Figueiredo, S. N., Siqueira, D. S. G., Queiroz, N. D. A., & Santos, T. M. P. (2020). As contribuições da síndrome de Burnout para o déficit do trabalho da enfermagem: Revisão integrativa da literatura [The contributions of Burnout syndrome to the nursing work déficit: Integrative literature review]. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde, 12(10), e4383. doi:10.25248/reas.e4383.2020 https://doi.org/10.25248/reas.e4383.2020
Moura, E. C., Silva, E. N., Sanchez, M. N., Cavalcante, F. V., Oliveira, L. G., Oliveira, A., ... Santos, L. M. P. (2021). Disponibilidade de dados públicos em tempo oportuno para a gestão: Análise das ondas da COVID-19 [Timely availability of public data for health management: COVID-19 waves analysis. SciELO Preprints. doi:10.1590/SciELOPreprints.2316 https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.2316
Mourão, A. L., Costa, A. C. C., Silva, E. M. M., & Lima, K. J. (2017). Síndrome de Burnout no contexto da enfermagem [Burnout syndrome in the context of nursing]. Revista Baiana de Saúde Pública, 41(1), 131-143. doi:10.22278/2318-2660.2017.v41.n1.a1926 https://doi.org/10.22278/2318-2660.2017.v41.n1.a1926
Oliveira, E., Gallasch, C., Silva Junior, P., Oliveira, A., Valério, R., & Dias, L. (2017). Estresse ocupacional e burnout em enfermeiros de um serviço de emergência: a organização do trabalho [Occupational stress and burnout in nurses of an emergency service: the organization of work]. Revista Enfermagem UERJ, (25), e28842. doi:https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2017.28842 https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2017.28842
Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. (2021). COVID-19: Saúde e segurança ocupacional para os profissionais da saúde [COVID-19: Occupational health and safety for healthcare professionals]. Retrieved from https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/53951/OPASWBRAPHECOVID-19210020_por.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/53951/OPASWBRAPHECOVID-19210020_por.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Prado, A. D., Peixoto, B. C., Silva, A. M. B., & Scalia, L. A. M. (2020). A saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde frente à pandemia do COVID-19: Uma revisão integrative [The mental health of health professionals in front of the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative review]. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde , (46), e4128. doi:10.25248/reas.e4128.2020 https://doi.org/10.25248/reas.e4128.2020
Rabelo, L. M., & Siqueira, A. K. A. (2021). Medidas para reduzir e prevenir a síndrome de Burnout em profissionais de enfermagem [Measures to reduce and prevent Burnout syndrome in nursing professionals]. Revista Liberum accessum, 12(1), 10-19. Retrieved from http://revista.liberumaccesum.com.br/index.php/RLA/article/view/111 http://revista.liberumaccesum.com.br/index.php/RLA/article/view/111
Salviato, L. S., & Vasconcelos Filho, P. O. (2021). Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais de saúde em cenário de pandemia de COVID-19: Análise de um hospital universitário [Burnout Syndrome in health professional in the COVID-19 pandemic scenario: Analysis of a university hospital]. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento, 6(8), 27-44. doi:10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/psicologia/hospital-universitario https://doi.org/10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/psicologia/hospital-universitario
Sevinc, S. A., Metin, S., Basi, N. B., Cinar, A. S., Ozkan, M. T., & Oba, S. (2021). Anxiety and Burnout in anesthetists and intensive care unit nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology, 72(2), 169-175. doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2021.07.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2021.07.011
Silva, C. C., Santos, E. A., Silva, L. A., Silva, L. F., Souza, M. J., Sousa, R. S. S., ... Duque, M. A. A. (2020). Perfil dos profissionais de enfermagem portadores da síndrome de Burnout: Uma revisão integrativa de literatura [Profile of nursing professionals with Burnout syndrome: An integrative literature review]. Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 3(3), 4965-4979. doi:10.34119/bjhrv3n3-079 https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv3n3-079
Trigo, T. R., Freitas, C. C. S., Wang, Y.-P., Ribeiro, F. G., Lucia, M. C. S., Siqueira, J. O., ... Fraguas, R. (2018). The influence of depression on the psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey: A cross-sectional study with nursing assistants. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 695. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00695 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00695
World Health Organization. (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved from https://COVID19.who.int/ https://COVID19.who.int/
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
© 2022. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic evidenced a scenario of increased demands on health professionals that can lead to professional burnout. This study aimed to investigate Burnout Syndrome (BS) and associated factors in nursing professionals working in intensive care units (ICU) of the public service during the COVID-19 pandemic. 157 professionals were evaluated regarding sociodemographic, occupational and working conditions variables, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used. The prevalence of BS was 45.2%, with some professionals suffering from more than one factor of the syndrome: emotional exhaustion (28.7%), depersonalization (3.8%) and low professional fulfillment (24.8%). Logistic regression analysis in the final model showed that female gender, not having children, statutory bond, professionals who had COVID-19 and declared wanting to leave the ICU environment had a higher risk of BS. The results showed BS in nursing professionals and that new risk factors were added with the advent of the pandemic.