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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

The introduction of pollutants, such as thiacloprid and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), into the waters of urbanized coastal and estuarine areas through fossil fuel spills, domestic and industrial waste discharges, atmospheric inputs, and continental runoff poses a major threat to the fauna and flora of the aquatic environment and can have a significant impact on the internal defense system of invertebrates such as mussels. Using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and anti-inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) antibodies for the first time, this work aims to examine hemocytes in the mantle and gills of M. galloprovincialis as biomarkers of thiacloprid and B[a]P pollution and analyze their potential synergistic effect. To pursue this objective, samples were exposed to the pollutants, both individually and simultaneously. Subsequently, oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated by enzymatic analysis, while tissue changes and the number of hemocytes in the different contaminated groups were assessed via histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses. Our findings revealed that in comparison to a single exposure, the two pollutants together significantly elevated oxidative stress. Moreover, our data may potentially enhance knowledge on how TLR2 and iNOS work as part of the internal defense system of bivalves. This would help in creating new technologies and strategies, such as biosensors, that are more suitable for managing water pollution, and garnering new details on the condition of the marine ecosystem.

Details

Title
Internal Defense System of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819): Ecological Role of Hemocytes as Biomarkers for Thiacloprid and Benzo[a]Pyrene Pollution
Author
Alesci, Alessio 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Davide Di Paola 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Fumia, Angelo 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Marino, Sebastian 1 ; Claudio D’Iglio 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Famulari, Sergio 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Albano, Marco 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Spanò, Nunziacarla 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lauriano, Eugenia Rita 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (D.D.P.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (S.F.); 
 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico “G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy; [email protected] 
 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] 
First page
731
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
23056304
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2869645489
Copyright
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.