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Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with cardiometabolic diseases and social inequities. For most nations, recent estimates and trends of intake are not available; nor variation by education or urbanicity. We investigated SSB intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries, stratified subnationally by age, sex, education, and rural/urban residence, using data from the Global Dietary Database. In 2018, mean global SSB intake was 2.7 (8 oz = 248 grams) servings/week (95% UI 2.5-2.9) (range: 0.7 (0.5-1.1) in South Asia to 7.8 (7.1-8.6) in Latin America/Caribbean). Intakes were higher in male vs. female, younger vs. older, more vs. less educated, and urban vs. rural adults. Variations by education and urbanicity were largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1990 and 2018, SSB intakes increased by +0.37 (+0.29, +0.47), with the largest increase in Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings inform intervention, surveillance, and policy actions worldwide, highlighting the growing problem of SSBs for public health in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Recent estimates of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake are generally unavailable. Here the authors show a global SSBs intake of 2.7 servings/week in 2018 in adults (range: 0.7 South Asia, 7.8 Latin America/Caribbean); intakes were higher among males, younger, more educated, and urban adults.
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1 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531)
2 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece (GRID:grid.410558.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0035 6670)
3 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); McMaster University, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Canada (GRID:grid.25073.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8227); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada (GRID:grid.415102.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0545 1978)
4 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.67033.31) (ISNI:0000 0000 8934 4045)
5 Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey (GRID:grid.411117.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0369 7552)
6 Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (GRID:grid.7123.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 1250 5688)
7 Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE (GRID:grid.444473.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 9411)
8 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (GRID:grid.413618.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1767 6103)
9 American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (GRID:grid.22903.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9801)
10 Amrita School of Dentistry, Eranakulum, India (GRID:grid.411370.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9081 2061)
11 Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia (GRID:grid.444045.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0707 7527)
12 Arab Center for Nutrition, Manama, Bahrain (GRID:grid.444045.5)
13 Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran (GRID:grid.411426.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0611 7226)
14 Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan (GRID:grid.459380.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 4652 4475)
15 Belgian Public Health Institute, Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.459380.3)
16 Biodiversity International, Maccarese, Italy (GRID:grid.425219.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0411 7847)
17 Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.414601.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8853 076X)
18 CREA-Alimenti e Nutrizione, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.423616.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 6756)
19 Cadi Ayyad University, Benguerir, Morocco (GRID:grid.411840.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0664 9298)
20 Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Guatemala City, Guatemala (GRID:grid.411840.8)
21 Centre For Media Studies, New Delhi, India (GRID:grid.411840.8)
22 Centro de Atencion Nutricional Antimano (CANIA), Miami, USA (GRID:grid.411840.8)
23 Centro de Estudios sobre Nutrición Infantil (CESNI), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.411840.8)
24 Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, College of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Science and Applied Nutrition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (GRID:grid.472240.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 5375 4279)
25 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Montpellier, France (GRID:grid.475046.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 820X)
26 Cuenca University, Cuenca, Ecuador (GRID:grid.442123.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 3465)
27 University of Delhi, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi, India (GRID:grid.8195.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2109 4999)
28 Departamento de Alimentacao Escolar, Sao Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.8195.5)
29 University of Catnia, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.8158.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1969)
30 Institute of Cardiology, Department of CVD Epidemiology, Prevention and Health Promotion, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.418887.a)
31 Aga Khan University, Department of Community Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan (GRID:grid.7147.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0633 6224)
32 Athens University, Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of internal Medicine, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.5216.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2155 0800)
33 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922)
34 Directorate for Health Information & Research, Tarxien, Malta (GRID:grid.411705.6)
35 Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands (GRID:grid.31147.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2208 0118)
36 Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.507111.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 4662 2163)
37 Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya (GRID:grid.8301.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0431 4443)
38 Estonian National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia (GRID:grid.416712.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 0806 1156)
39 FHI Solutions, Washington, DC, USA (GRID:grid.245835.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0300 5112)
40 FOSCAL and UDES, Bucaramanga, Colombia (GRID:grid.245835.d)
41 American University of Beirut, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon (GRID:grid.22903.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9801)
42 Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Medicine, Maputo, Mozambique (GRID:grid.8295.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 5818)
43 University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka (GRID:grid.8065.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2182 8067)
44 University of Porto, Faculty of Medicine/Institute of Public Health, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226)
45 Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226)
46 Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.14758.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1013 0499)
47 Florida International University, Miami, USA (GRID:grid.65456.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 2110 1845)
48 Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.428673.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0409 6302)
49 Food and Nutrition Research Institue (DOST-FNRI), Manila, Philippines (GRID:grid.428673.c)
50 Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines (GRID:grid.484092.3)
51 Fortis CDOC Center for Excellence for Diabetes, New Delhi, India (GRID:grid.484092.3)
52 FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.434547.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 349X)
53 Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia (GRID:grid.418078.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1764 0020)
54 Fundacion INFANT and Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.423606.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1945 2152)
55 Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Colombia (GRID:grid.477259.a)
56 Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea (GRID:grid.256155.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0647 2973)
57 Gazi University, Yenimahalle/Ankara, Turkey (GRID:grid.25769.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2169 7132)
58 Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.150338.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0721 9812)
59 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (GRID:grid.5342.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2069 7798)
60 Global Dietary Database Consortium, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.5342.0)
61 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada (GRID:grid.413850.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5698)
62 Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia (GRID:grid.1022.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0437 5432)
63 HC Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India (GRID:grid.1022.1)
64 Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey (GRID:grid.14442.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2342 7339)
65 Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam (GRID:grid.56046.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 0642 8489); Duy Tan University, Institute of Research and Development, Da Nang City, Viet Nam (GRID:grid.444918.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1794 7022)
66 Harokopio University, Athens (Kallithea), Greece (GRID:grid.15823.3d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 2843)
67 Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X)
68 Hellenic Health Foundation and University of Athens, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.5216.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2155 0800)
69 Herbert Wetheim College of Medicine, Miami, USA (GRID:grid.24827.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 9593)
70 Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India (GRID:grid.414967.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1804 743X)
71 Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
72 ICCAS (Instituto para la Cooperacion Científica en Ambiente y Salud), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.411036.1)
73 ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India (GRID:grid.419610.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0496 9898)
74 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (GRID:grid.419543.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 3561); University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (GRID:grid.18147.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 4807)
75 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (GRID:grid.419543.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 3561)
76 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montepellier, France (GRID:grid.4399.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 9528)
77 Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Bobigny, France (GRID:grid.419184.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 8361)
78 Institute for International Investigation, NDRI-USA, New York, USA (GRID:grid.276773.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0442 0766)
79 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (GRID:grid.28665.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 1366)
80 University of Chile, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Santiago, Chile (GRID:grid.443909.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 4466)
81 Institute of Nutrition in Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala (GRID:grid.418867.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 0430)
82 Institute of Public Health of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (GRID:grid.418867.4)
83 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Studies in Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.8536.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 473X)
84 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (GRID:grid.17703.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 0598 0095)
85 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA (GRID:grid.419346.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0480 4882)
86 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
87 Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (GRID:grid.457337.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0564 0509)
88 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
89 Israel Center for Disease Control, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (GRID:grid.411036.1)
90 Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany (GRID:grid.8664.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 8627)
91 KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University) Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, India (GRID:grid.414704.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1799 8647)
92 Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya (GRID:grid.33058.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0155 5938)
93 King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.412125.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0619 1117)
94 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.56302.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 5396)
95 King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764)
96 Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (GRID:grid.9783.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9927 0991)
97 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju-si, Korea (GRID:grid.511148.8)
98 Korea University, Seoul, Korea (GRID:grid.222754.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0840 2678)
99 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait (GRID:grid.453496.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 3393)
100 Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR (GRID:grid.453496.9)
101 Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9851.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 4204)
102 Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Muncheberg, Germany (GRID:grid.433014.1)
103 Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.164971.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 1089 6558)
104 Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (GRID:grid.10223.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0490)
105 Mahidol University, Pathom, Thailand (GRID:grid.10223.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0490)
106 Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC), Kelana Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10223.32)
107 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.419518.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2159 1813)
108 Medical Center Markovs, Sofia, Bulgaria (GRID:grid.419518.0)
109 Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Menopause Andropause Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran (GRID:grid.411230.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9296 6873)
110 Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia (GRID:grid.415709.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 8161)
111 Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.415759.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0690 5255)
112 Ministry of Health, Sungai Besar, Sabak Bernam, Malaysia (GRID:grid.415759.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0690 5255)
113 Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles (GRID:grid.450284.f); University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.511931.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 8513 0292)
114 NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA (GRID:grid.137628.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8753)
115 National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan (GRID:grid.272242.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 5385)
116 National Centre of Public Health and Analyses (NCPHA), Sofia, Bulgaria (GRID:grid.416574.5)
117 National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden (GRID:grid.419359.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0663 3907)
118 National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia (GRID:grid.419359.3)
119 National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.419363.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0744 1632)
120 National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan township, Taiwan ROC (GRID:grid.59784.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 9172)
121 Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (GRID:grid.140139.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0746 5933)
122 National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Viet Nam (GRID:grid.419608.2)
123 National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India (GRID:grid.419610.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0496 9898)
124 National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology & SURVEN RL, Tunis, Tunisia (GRID:grid.419610.b)
125 National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico (GRID:grid.415771.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 4764)
126 National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.415771.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 4764)
127 National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (GRID:grid.482562.f)
128 National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt (GRID:grid.517681.c) (ISNI:0000 0005 0814 7987)
129 National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI): SBMU, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.419697.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 9489 4252)
130 National University of Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557)
131 Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.419905.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0066 4948)
132 New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.419985.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 1016 8825)
133 North-West University, Potchefstroom South Africa, Potchefstroom, South Africa (GRID:grid.25881.36) (ISNI:0000 0000 9769 2525)
134 Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.412414.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9151 4445)
135 Perdana University AND Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Puchong, Malaysia (GRID:grid.4912.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0488 7120)
136 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali, Colombia (GRID:grid.41312.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 1033 6040)
137 Public Authority For Food and Nutrition, Sabah Al Salem, Kuwait (GRID:grid.41312.35)
138 Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (GRID:grid.437898.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0441 0146)
139 Qatar University and University of Jordan, Doha, Qatar (GRID:grid.412603.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 1084)
140 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411600.2)
141 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NCD, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
142 Swedish Food Agency, Risk and Benefit Assessment Department, Uppsala, Sweden (GRID:grid.411036.1)
143 Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.13652.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 0940 3744)
144 Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA (GRID:grid.430387.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8796)
145 the French Public Health Agency, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France (GRID:grid.493975.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 5948 8741)
146 Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (GRID:grid.31501.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5905)
147 St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India (GRID:grid.418280.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1794 3160)
148 Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada (GRID:grid.413850.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5698)
149 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (GRID:grid.412888.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 8913)
150 Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia (GRID:grid.8207.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9774 6466)
151 Taylor’s University, Selangor, Malaysia (GRID:grid.452879.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0647 0003)
152 Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.26597.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2325 1783)
153 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922)
154 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922); Utica University, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6)
155 The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya (GRID:grid.449700.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 6878)
156 The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA (GRID:grid.266832.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 8502)
157 Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (GRID:grid.420155.7)
158 Unidad de Nutricion Publica, Macul, Chile (GRID:grid.420155.7)
159 Univ Puerto Rico-Med Sci Dept Biochemistry, San Juan, Puerto Rico (GRID:grid.267033.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0462 1680)
160 Universidad San Sebastian, Providencia, Chile (GRID:grid.442215.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2227 4297)
161 Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador (GRID:grid.440859.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0485 5989)
162 Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (GRID:grid.412881.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8882 5269)
163 Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador (GRID:grid.442123.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 3465)
164 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.240541.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0627 933X)
165 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia (GRID:grid.11142.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2231 800X)
166 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia (GRID:grid.11875.3a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 3534)
167 University Dunarea de Jos, Galati, Romania (GRID:grid.8578.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1012 534X)
168 University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557)
169 University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.7107.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7291)
170 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (GRID:grid.17089.37)
171 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (GRID:grid.7914.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7443)
172 University of Bonn, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300)
173 University of California Davis, Davis, USA (GRID:grid.27860.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9684)
174 University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (GRID:grid.8065.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2182 8067)
175 University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA (GRID:grid.430503.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0703 675X)
176 University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh (GRID:grid.8198.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 6059)
177 University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (GRID:grid.7450.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2364 4210)
178 University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Nutrition, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
179 University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (GRID:grid.9464.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2290 1502)
180 University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland (GRID:grid.14013.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 0021)
181 University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Canary Islands, Las Palmas, Spain (GRID:grid.4521.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1769 9380)
182 University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10347.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 5949)
183 University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.5379.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2166 2407)
184 University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius (GRID:grid.45199.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9451)
185 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania (GRID:grid.8194.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 9828 7548)
186 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA (GRID:grid.10698.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2248 3208)
187 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (GRID:grid.29980.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7830)
188 University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722)
189 University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, Saskatoon, Canada (GRID:grid.25152.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2154 235X)
190 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (GRID:grid.10420.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2286 1424)
191 University of the Southern Caribbean, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (GRID:grid.441515.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9024 4981)
192 Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (GRID:grid.4818.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0791 5666)
193 Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002)
194 World Health Organization (WHO), Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.4367.6)
195 World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.3575.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2163 3745)
196 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Cardiovascular Research Centre, Yazd, Iran (GRID:grid.412505.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0612 5912)
197 Ziauddin University Karachi, Karachi City, Pakistan (GRID:grid.413093.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0571 5371)