Abstract

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with cardiometabolic diseases and social inequities. For most nations, recent estimates and trends of intake are not available; nor variation by education or urbanicity. We investigated SSB intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries, stratified subnationally by age, sex, education, and rural/urban residence, using data from the Global Dietary Database. In 2018, mean global SSB intake was 2.7 (8 oz = 248 grams) servings/week (95% UI 2.5-2.9) (range: 0.7 (0.5-1.1) in South Asia to 7.8 (7.1-8.6) in Latin America/Caribbean). Intakes were higher in male vs. female, younger vs. older, more vs. less educated, and urban vs. rural adults. Variations by education and urbanicity were largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1990 and 2018, SSB intakes increased by +0.37 (+0.29, +0.47), with the largest increase in Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings inform intervention, surveillance, and policy actions worldwide, highlighting the growing problem of SSBs for public health in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Recent estimates of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake are generally unavailable. Here the authors show a global SSBs intake of 2.7 servings/week in 2018 in adults (range: 0.7 South Asia, 7.8 Latin America/Caribbean); intakes were higher among males, younger, more educated, and urban adults.

Details

Title
Sugar-sweetened beverage intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries
Author
Lara-Castor, Laura 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Micha, Renata 2 ; Cudhea, Frederick 1 ; Miller, Victoria 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Shi, Peilin 1 ; Zhang, Jianyi 1 ; Sharib, Julia R. 1 ; Erndt-Marino, Josh 1 ; Cash, Sean B. 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Mozaffarian, Dariush 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bas, Murat 5 ; Ali, Jemal Haidar 6 ; Abumweis, Suhad 7 ; Krishnan, Anand 8 ; Misra, Puneet 8 ; Hwalla, Nahla Chawkat 9 ; Janakiram, Chandrashekar 10 ; Liputo, Nur Indrawaty 11 ; Musaiger, Abdulrahman 12 ; Pourfarzi, Farhad 13 ; Alam, Iftikhar 14 ; DeRidder, Karin 15 ; Termote, Celine 16 ; Memon, Anjum 17 ; Turrini, Aida 18 ; Lupotto, Elisabetta 18 ; Piccinelli, Raffaela 18 ; Sette, Stefania 18 ; Anzid, Karim 19 ; Vossenaar, Marieke 20 ; Mazumdar, Paramita 21 ; Rached, Ingrid 22 ; Rovirosa, Alicia 23 ; Zapata, María Elisa 23 ; Asayehu, Tamene Taye 24 ; Oduor, Francis 25 ; Boedecker, Julia 25 ; Aluso, Lilian 25 ; Ortiz-Ulloa, Johana 26 ; Meenakshi, J. V. 27 ; Castro, Michelle 28 ; Grosso, Giuseppe 29 ; Waskiewicz, Anna 30 ; Khan, Umber S. 31 ; Thanopoulou, Anastasia 32 ; Malekzadeh, Reza 33 ; Calleja, Neville 34 ; Ocke, Marga 35 ; Etemad, Zohreh 35 ; Nsour, Mohannad Al 36 ; Waswa, Lydiah M. 37 ; Nurk, Eha 38 ; Arsenault, Joanne 39 ; Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio 40 ; Sibai, Abla Mehio 41 ; Damasceno, Albertino 42 ; Arambepola, Carukshi 43 ; Lopes, Carla 44 ; Severo, Milton 44 ; Lunet, Nuno 44 ; Torres, Duarte 45 ; Tapanainen, Heli 46 ; Lindstrom, Jaana 46 ; Virtanen, Suvi 46 ; Palacios, Cristina 47 ; Roos, Eva 48 ; Agdeppa, Imelda Angeles 49 ; Desnacido, Josie 49 ; Capanzana, Mario 50 ; Misra, Anoop 51 ; Khouw, Ilse 52 ; Ng, Swee Ai 52 ; Delgado, Edna Gamboa 53 ; Caballero, Mauricio 54 ; Otero, Johanna 55 ; Lee, Hae-Jeung 56 ; Koksal, Eda 57 ; Guessous, Idris 58 ; Lachat, Carl 59 ; De Henauw, Stefaan 59 ; Rahbar, Ali Reza 60 ; Tedstone, Alison 60 ; Naska, Androniki 60 ; Mathee, Angie 60 ; Ling, Annie 60 ; Tedla, Bemnet 60 ; Hopping, Beth 60 ; Ginnela, Brahmam 60 ; Leclercq, Catherine 60 ; Duante, Charmaine 60 ; Haerpfer, Christian 60 ; Hotz, Christine 60 ; Pitsavos, Christos 60 ; Rehm, Colin 60 ; van Oosterhout, Coline 60 ; Cerdena, Corazon 60 ; Bradshaw, Debbie 60 ; Trichopoulos, Dimitrios 60 ; Gauci, Dorothy 60 ; Fernando, Dulitha 60 ; Sygnowska, Elzbieta 60 ; Vartiainen, Erkki 60 ; Farzadfar, Farshad 60 ; Zajkas, Gabor 60 ; Swan, Gillian 60 ; Ma, Guansheng 60 ; Pekcan, Gulden 60 ; Ibrahim, Hajah Masni 60 ; Sinkko, Harri 60 ; Barbieri, Helene Enghardt 60 ; Sioen, Isabelle 60 ; Myhre, Jannicke 60 ; Gaspoz, Jean-Michel 60 ; Odenkirk, Jillian 60 ; Bundhamcharoen, Kanitta 60 ; Nelis, Keiu 60 ; Zarina, Khairul 60 ; Biro, Lajos 60 ; Johansson, Lars 60 ; Steingrimsdottir, Laufey 60 ; Riley, Leanne 60 ; Yap, Mabel 60 ; Inoue, Manami 60 ; Szabo, Maria 60 ; Ovaskainen, Marja-Leena 60 ; Lee, Meei-Shyuan 60 ; Chan, Mei Fen 60 ; Cowan, Melanie 60 ; Kandiah, Mirnalini 60 ; Kally, Ola 60 ; Jonsdottir, Olof 60 ; Palmer, Pam 60 ; Vollenweider, Peter 60 ; Orfanos, Philippos 60 ; Asciak, Renzo 60 ; Templeton, Robert 60 ; Don, Rokiah 60 ; Yaakub, Roseyati 60 ; Selamat, Rusidah 60 ; Yusof, Safiah 60 ; Al-Zenki, Sameer 60 ; Hung, Shu-Yi 60 ; Beer-Borst, Sigrid 60 ; Wu, Suh 60 ; Lukito, Widjaja 60 ; Hadden, Wilbur 60 ; Becker, Wulf 60 ; Cao, Xia 60 ; Ma, Yi 60 ; Lai, Yuen 60 ; Hjdaud, Zaiton 60 ; Ali, Jennifer 61 ; Gravel, Ron 61 ; Tao, Tina 61 ; Veerman, Jacob Lennert 62 ; Chiplonkar, Shashi 63 ; Arici, Mustafa 64 ; Ngoan, Le Tran 65 ; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes 66 ; Li, Yanping 67 ; Trichopoulou, Antonia 68 ; Barengo, Noel 69 ; Khadilkar, Anuradha 70 ; Ekbote, Veena 70 ; Mohammadifard, Noushin 71 ; Kovalskys, Irina 72 ; Laxmaiah, Avula 73 ; Rachakulla, Harikumar 73 ; Rajkumar, Hemalatha 73 ; Meshram, Indrapal 73 ; Avula, Laxmaiah 73 ; Arlappa, Nimmathota 73 ; Hemalatha, Rajkumar 73 ; Iacoviello, Licia 74 ; Bonaccio, Marialaura 75 ; Costanzo, Simona 75 ; Martin-Prevel, Yves 76 ; Castetbon, Katia 77 ; Jitnarin, Nattinee 78 ; Hsieh, Yao-Te 79 ; Olivares, Sonia 80 ; Tejeda, Gabriela 81 ; Hadziomeragic, Aida 82 ; de Moura Souza, Amanda 83 ; Pan, Wen-Harn 79 ; Huybrechts, Inge 84 ; de Brauw, Alan 85 ; Moursi, Mourad 85 ; Maghroun, Maryam 86 ; Zeba, Augustin Nawidimbasba 87 ; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal 88 ; Keinan-Boker, Lital 89 ; Goldsmith, Rebecca 89 ; Shimony, Tal 89 ; Jordan, Irmgard 90 ; Mastiholi, Shivanand C. 91 ; Mwangi, Moses 92 ; Kombe, Yeri 92 ; Bukania, Zipporah 92 ; Alissa, Eman 93 ; Al-Daghri, Nasser 94 ; Sabico, Shaun 94 ; Gulliford, Martin 95 ; Diba, Tshilenge S. 96 ; Oh, Kyungwon 97 ; Kweon, Sanghui 97 ; Park, Sihyun 97 ; Cho, Yoonsu 98 ; Al-Hooti, Suad 99 ; Luangphaxay, Chanthaly 100 ; Douangvichit, Daovieng 100 ; Siengsounthone, Latsamy 100 ; Marques-Vidal, Pedro 101 ; Rybak, Constance 102 ; Luke, Amy 103 ; Piaseu, Noppawan 104 ; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa 105 ; Sundram, Kalyana 106 ; Koster, Jeremy 107 ; Baykova, Donka 108 ; Abedi, Parvin 109 ; Sandjaja, Sandjaja 110 ; Fadzil, Fariza 111 ; Bukhary, Noriklil Bukhary Ismail 112 ; Bovet, Pascal 113 ; Chen, Yu 114 ; Sawada, Norie 115 ; Tsugane, Shoichiro 115 ; Rangelova, Lalka 116 ; Petrova, Stefka 116 ; Duleva, Vesselka 116 ; Lindroos, Anna Karin 117 ; Sipinen, Jessica Petrelius 117 ; Moraeus, Lotta 117 ; Bergman, Per 117 ; Siamusantu, Ward 118 ; Szponar, Lucjan 119 ; Chang, Hsing-Yi 120 ; Sekiyama, Makiko 121 ; Le Nguyen Bao, Khanh 122 ; Nagalla, Balakrishna 123 ; Polasa, Kalpagam 123 ; Boindala, Sesikeran 123 ; El Ati, Jalila 124 ; Silva, Ivonne Ramirez 125 ; Dommarco, Juan Rivera 125 ; Barquera, Simon 125 ; Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia 125 ; Illescas-Zarate, Daniel 126 ; Sanchez-Romero, Luz Maria 126 ; Ikeda, Nayu 127 ; Zaghloul, Sahar 128 ; Houshiar-rad, Anahita 129 ; Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, Fatemeh 129 ; Abdollahi, Morteza 129 ; Chuah, Khun-Aik 130 ; Mahdy, Zaleha Abdullah 130 ; Eldridge, Alison 131 ; Ding, Eric L. 132 ; Kruger, Herculina 133 ; Henjum, Sigrun 134 ; Fernandez, Anne 135 ; Suarez-Ortegon, Milton Fabian 136 ; Al-Hamad, Nawal 137 ; Janská, Veronika 138 ; Tayyem, Reema 139 ; Mirmiran, Parvin 140 ; Kelishadi, Roya 141 ; Lemming, Eva Warensjo 142 ; Richter, Almut 143 ; Mensink, Gert 143 ; Wieler, Lothar 143 ; Hoffman, Daniel 144 ; Salanave, Benoit 145 ; Kim, Cho-il 146 ; Kuriyan-Raj, Rebecca 147 ; Swaminathan, Sumathi 147 ; Garriguet, Didier 148 ; Dastgiri, Saeed 149 ; Vaask, Sirje 150 ; Karupaiah, Tilakavati 151 ; Zohoori, Fatemeh Vida 152 ; Esteghamati, Alireza 153 ; Hashemian, Maryam 154 ; Noshad, Sina 153 ; Mwaniki, Elizabeth 155 ; Yakes-Jimenez, Elizabeth 156 ; Chileshe, Justin 157 ; Mwanza, Sydney 157 ; Marques, Lydia Lera 158 ; Preston, Alan Martin 159 ; Aguero, Samuel Duran 160 ; Oleas, Mariana 161 ; Posada, Luz 162 ; Ochoa, Angelica 163 ; Shamsuddin, Khadijah 164 ; Shariff, Zalilah Mohd 165 ; Jan Bin Jan Mohamed, Hamid 166 ; Manan, Wan 166 ; Nicolau, Anca 167 ; Tudorie, Cornelia 167 ; Poh, Bee Koon 168 ; Abbott, Pamela 169 ; Pakseresht, Mohammadreza 170 ; Sharma, Sangita 170 ; Strand, Tor 171 ; Alexy, Ute 172 ; Nöthlings, Ute 172 ; Carmikle, Jan 173 ; Brown, Ken 173 ; Waidyatilaka, Indu 174 ; Lanerolle, Pulani 174 ; Jayawardena, Ranil 174 ; Long, Julie M. 175 ; Hambidge, K. Michael 175 ; Krebs, Nancy F. 175 ; Haque, Aminul 176 ; Keding, Gudrun B. 177 ; Korkalo, Liisa 178 ; Erkkola, Maijaliisa 178 ; Freese, Riitta 178 ; Eleraky, Laila 179 ; Stuetz, Wolfgang 179 ; Thorsdottir, Inga 180 ; Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg 180 ; Serra-Majem, Lluis 181 ; Moy, Foong Ming 182 ; Anderson, Simon 183 ; Jeewon, Rajesh 184 ; Zugravu, Corina Aurelia 185 ; Adair, Linda 186 ; Ng, Shu Wen 186 ; Skeaff, Sheila 187 ; Marchioni, Dirce 188 ; Fisberg, Regina 188 ; Henry, Carol 189 ; Ersino, Getahun 189 ; Zello, Gordon 189 ; Meyer, Alexa 190 ; Elmadfa, Ibrahim 190 ; Mitchell, Claudette 191 ; Balfour, David 191 ; Geleijnse, Johanna M. 192 ; Manary, Mark 193 ; El-kour, Tatyana 194 ; Nikiema, Laetitia 195 ; Mirzaei, Masoud 196 ; Hakeem, Rubina 197 

 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531) 
 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece (GRID:grid.410558.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0035 6670) 
 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); McMaster University, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Canada (GRID:grid.25073.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8227); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada (GRID:grid.415102.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0545 1978) 
 Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531); Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.67033.31) (ISNI:0000 0000 8934 4045) 
 Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey (GRID:grid.411117.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0369 7552) 
 Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (GRID:grid.7123.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 1250 5688) 
 Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE (GRID:grid.444473.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 9411) 
 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (GRID:grid.413618.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1767 6103) 
 American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (GRID:grid.22903.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9801) 
10  Amrita School of Dentistry, Eranakulum, India (GRID:grid.411370.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9081 2061) 
11  Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia (GRID:grid.444045.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0707 7527) 
12  Arab Center for Nutrition, Manama, Bahrain (GRID:grid.444045.5) 
13  Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran (GRID:grid.411426.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0611 7226) 
14  Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan (GRID:grid.459380.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 4652 4475) 
15  Belgian Public Health Institute, Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.459380.3) 
16  Biodiversity International, Maccarese, Italy (GRID:grid.425219.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0411 7847) 
17  Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.414601.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8853 076X) 
18  CREA-Alimenti e Nutrizione, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.423616.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 6756) 
19  Cadi Ayyad University, Benguerir, Morocco (GRID:grid.411840.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0664 9298) 
20  Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Guatemala City, Guatemala (GRID:grid.411840.8) 
21  Centre For Media Studies, New Delhi, India (GRID:grid.411840.8) 
22  Centro de Atencion Nutricional Antimano (CANIA), Miami, USA (GRID:grid.411840.8) 
23  Centro de Estudios sobre Nutrición Infantil (CESNI), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.411840.8) 
24  Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, College of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Science and Applied Nutrition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (GRID:grid.472240.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 5375 4279) 
25  Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Montpellier, France (GRID:grid.475046.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 820X) 
26  Cuenca University, Cuenca, Ecuador (GRID:grid.442123.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 3465) 
27  University of Delhi, Delhi School of Economics, Delhi, India (GRID:grid.8195.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2109 4999) 
28  Departamento de Alimentacao Escolar, Sao Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.8195.5) 
29  University of Catnia, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.8158.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1969) 
30  Institute of Cardiology, Department of CVD Epidemiology, Prevention and Health Promotion, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.418887.a) 
31  Aga Khan University, Department of Community Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan (GRID:grid.7147.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0633 6224) 
32  Athens University, Diabetes Center, 2nd Department of internal Medicine, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.5216.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2155 0800) 
33  Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922) 
34  Directorate for Health Information & Research, Tarxien, Malta (GRID:grid.411705.6) 
35  Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands (GRID:grid.31147.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2208 0118) 
36  Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.507111.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 4662 2163) 
37  Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya (GRID:grid.8301.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0431 4443) 
38  Estonian National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia (GRID:grid.416712.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 0806 1156) 
39  FHI Solutions, Washington, DC, USA (GRID:grid.245835.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0300 5112) 
40  FOSCAL and UDES, Bucaramanga, Colombia (GRID:grid.245835.d) 
41  American University of Beirut, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon (GRID:grid.22903.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9801) 
42  Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Medicine, Maputo, Mozambique (GRID:grid.8295.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 5818) 
43  University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka (GRID:grid.8065.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2182 8067) 
44  University of Porto, Faculty of Medicine/Institute of Public Health, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226) 
45  Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226) 
46  Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.14758.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1013 0499) 
47  Florida International University, Miami, USA (GRID:grid.65456.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 2110 1845) 
48  Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.428673.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0409 6302) 
49  Food and Nutrition Research Institue (DOST-FNRI), Manila, Philippines (GRID:grid.428673.c) 
50  Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines (GRID:grid.484092.3) 
51  Fortis CDOC Center for Excellence for Diabetes, New Delhi, India (GRID:grid.484092.3) 
52  FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.434547.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 349X) 
53  Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia (GRID:grid.418078.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1764 0020) 
54  Fundacion INFANT and Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.423606.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1945 2152) 
55  Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Colombia (GRID:grid.477259.a) 
56  Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea (GRID:grid.256155.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0647 2973) 
57  Gazi University, Yenimahalle/Ankara, Turkey (GRID:grid.25769.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2169 7132) 
58  Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.150338.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0721 9812) 
59  Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (GRID:grid.5342.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2069 7798) 
60  Global Dietary Database Consortium, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.5342.0) 
61  Government of Canada, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada (GRID:grid.413850.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5698) 
62  Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia (GRID:grid.1022.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0437 5432) 
63  HC Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India (GRID:grid.1022.1) 
64  Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey (GRID:grid.14442.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2342 7339) 
65  Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam (GRID:grid.56046.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 0642 8489); Duy Tan University, Institute of Research and Development, Da Nang City, Viet Nam (GRID:grid.444918.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1794 7022) 
66  Harokopio University, Athens (Kallithea), Greece (GRID:grid.15823.3d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 2843) 
67  Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X) 
68  Hellenic Health Foundation and University of Athens, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.5216.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2155 0800) 
69  Herbert Wetheim College of Medicine, Miami, USA (GRID:grid.24827.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 9593) 
70  Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India (GRID:grid.414967.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1804 743X) 
71  Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X) 
72  ICCAS (Instituto para la Cooperacion Científica en Ambiente y Salud), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.411036.1) 
73  ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India (GRID:grid.419610.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0496 9898) 
74  IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (GRID:grid.419543.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 3561); University of Insubria, Varese, Italy (GRID:grid.18147.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 4807) 
75  IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (GRID:grid.419543.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 3561) 
76  Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montepellier, France (GRID:grid.4399.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 9528) 
77  Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Bobigny, France (GRID:grid.419184.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 8361) 
78  Institute for International Investigation, NDRI-USA, New York, USA (GRID:grid.276773.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0442 0766) 
79  Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (GRID:grid.28665.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 1366) 
80  University of Chile, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Santiago, Chile (GRID:grid.443909.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 4466) 
81  Institute of Nutrition in Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala (GRID:grid.418867.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 0430) 
82  Institute of Public Health of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (GRID:grid.418867.4) 
83  Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Studies in Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.8536.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 473X) 
84  International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (GRID:grid.17703.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 0598 0095) 
85  International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA (GRID:grid.419346.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0480 4882) 
86  Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X) 
87  Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (GRID:grid.457337.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0564 0509) 
88  Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X) 
89  Israel Center for Disease Control, Tel-Hashomer, Israel (GRID:grid.411036.1) 
90  Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany (GRID:grid.8664.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 8627) 
91  KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University) Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, India (GRID:grid.414704.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1799 8647) 
92  Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya (GRID:grid.33058.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0155 5938) 
93  King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.412125.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0619 1117) 
94  King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.56302.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 5396) 
95  King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764) 
96  Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (GRID:grid.9783.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9927 0991) 
97  Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju-si, Korea (GRID:grid.511148.8) 
98  Korea University, Seoul, Korea (GRID:grid.222754.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0840 2678) 
99  Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait (GRID:grid.453496.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 3393) 
100  Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR (GRID:grid.453496.9) 
101  Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9851.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 4204) 
102  Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Muncheberg, Germany (GRID:grid.433014.1) 
103  Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.164971.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 1089 6558) 
104  Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (GRID:grid.10223.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0490) 
105  Mahidol University, Pathom, Thailand (GRID:grid.10223.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0490) 
106  Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC), Kelana Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10223.32) 
107  Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.419518.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2159 1813) 
108  Medical Center Markovs, Sofia, Bulgaria (GRID:grid.419518.0) 
109  Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Menopause Andropause Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran (GRID:grid.411230.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9296 6873) 
110  Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia (GRID:grid.415709.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 8161) 
111  Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.415759.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0690 5255) 
112  Ministry of Health, Sungai Besar, Sabak Bernam, Malaysia (GRID:grid.415759.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0690 5255) 
113  Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles (GRID:grid.450284.f); University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.511931.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 8513 0292) 
114  NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA (GRID:grid.137628.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8753) 
115  National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan (GRID:grid.272242.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 5385) 
116  National Centre of Public Health and Analyses (NCPHA), Sofia, Bulgaria (GRID:grid.416574.5) 
117  National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden (GRID:grid.419359.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0663 3907) 
118  National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia (GRID:grid.419359.3) 
119  National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.419363.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0744 1632) 
120  National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan township, Taiwan ROC (GRID:grid.59784.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 9172) 
121  Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (GRID:grid.140139.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0746 5933) 
122  National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Viet Nam (GRID:grid.419608.2) 
123  National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India (GRID:grid.419610.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0496 9898) 
124  National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology & SURVEN RL, Tunis, Tunisia (GRID:grid.419610.b) 
125  National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico (GRID:grid.415771.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 4764) 
126  National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.415771.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 4764) 
127  National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan (GRID:grid.482562.f) 
128  National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt (GRID:grid.517681.c) (ISNI:0000 0005 0814 7987) 
129  National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI): SBMU, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.419697.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 9489 4252) 
130  National University of Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557) 
131  Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.419905.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0066 4948) 
132  New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.419985.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 1016 8825) 
133  North-West University, Potchefstroom South Africa, Potchefstroom, South Africa (GRID:grid.25881.36) (ISNI:0000 0000 9769 2525) 
134  Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.412414.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9151 4445) 
135  Perdana University AND Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Puchong, Malaysia (GRID:grid.4912.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0488 7120) 
136  Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali, Colombia (GRID:grid.41312.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 1033 6040) 
137  Public Authority For Food and Nutrition, Sabah Al Salem, Kuwait (GRID:grid.41312.35) 
138  Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (GRID:grid.437898.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0441 0146) 
139  Qatar University and University of Jordan, Doha, Qatar (GRID:grid.412603.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 1084) 
140  Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411600.2) 
141  Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NCD, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X) 
142  Swedish Food Agency, Risk and Benefit Assessment Department, Uppsala, Sweden (GRID:grid.411036.1) 
143  Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.13652.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 0940 3744) 
144  Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA (GRID:grid.430387.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8796) 
145  the French Public Health Agency, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France (GRID:grid.493975.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 5948 8741) 
146  Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (GRID:grid.31501.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5905) 
147  St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India (GRID:grid.418280.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1794 3160) 
148  Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada (GRID:grid.413850.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5698) 
149  Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (GRID:grid.412888.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 8913) 
150  Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia (GRID:grid.8207.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9774 6466) 
151  Taylor’s University, Selangor, Malaysia (GRID:grid.452879.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0647 0003) 
152  Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.26597.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2325 1783) 
153  Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922) 
154  Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922); Utica University, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) 
155  The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya (GRID:grid.449700.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 6878) 
156  The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA (GRID:grid.266832.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 8502) 
157  Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (GRID:grid.420155.7) 
158  Unidad de Nutricion Publica, Macul, Chile (GRID:grid.420155.7) 
159  Univ Puerto Rico-Med Sci Dept Biochemistry, San Juan, Puerto Rico (GRID:grid.267033.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0462 1680) 
160  Universidad San Sebastian, Providencia, Chile (GRID:grid.442215.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2227 4297) 
161  Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador (GRID:grid.440859.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0485 5989) 
162  Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia (GRID:grid.412881.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8882 5269) 
163  Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador (GRID:grid.442123.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 3465) 
164  Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.240541.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0627 933X) 
165  Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia (GRID:grid.11142.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2231 800X) 
166  Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia (GRID:grid.11875.3a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 3534) 
167  University Dunarea de Jos, Galati, Romania (GRID:grid.8578.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1012 534X) 
168  University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.412113.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1557) 
169  University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.7107.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7291) 
170  University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (GRID:grid.17089.37) 
171  University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (GRID:grid.7914.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7443) 
172  University of Bonn, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300) 
173  University of California Davis, Davis, USA (GRID:grid.27860.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9684) 
174  University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka (GRID:grid.8065.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2182 8067) 
175  University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA (GRID:grid.430503.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0703 675X) 
176  University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh (GRID:grid.8198.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 6059) 
177  University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (GRID:grid.7450.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2364 4210) 
178  University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Nutrition, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071) 
179  University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (GRID:grid.9464.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2290 1502) 
180  University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland (GRID:grid.14013.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 0021) 
181  University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Canary Islands, Las Palmas, Spain (GRID:grid.4521.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1769 9380) 
182  University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10347.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 5949) 
183  University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.5379.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2166 2407) 
184  University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius (GRID:grid.45199.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 9451) 
185  University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania (GRID:grid.8194.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 9828 7548) 
186  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA (GRID:grid.10698.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2248 3208) 
187  University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (GRID:grid.29980.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7830) 
188  University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722) 
189  University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, Saskatoon, Canada (GRID:grid.25152.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2154 235X) 
190  University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (GRID:grid.10420.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2286 1424) 
191  University of the Southern Caribbean, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (GRID:grid.441515.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9024 4981) 
192  Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (GRID:grid.4818.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0791 5666) 
193  Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002) 
194  World Health Organization (WHO), Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.4367.6) 
195  World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.3575.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2163 3745) 
196  Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd Cardiovascular Research Centre, Yazd, Iran (GRID:grid.412505.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0612 5912) 
197  Ziauddin University Karachi, Karachi City, Pakistan (GRID:grid.413093.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0571 5371) 
Pages
5957
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
20411723
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2871976496
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.