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Abstract
This contribution reports, for the first time, on an entirely green bio-engineering approach for the biosynthesis of single phase crystalline 1-D nano-scaled calcite CaCO3. This was validated using H2O as the universal solvent and natural extract of Hyphaene thebaica fruit as an effective chelating agent. In this room temperature green process, CaCl2 and CO2 are used as the unique source of Ca and CO3 respectively in view of forming nano-scaled CaCO3 with a significant shape anisotropy and an elevated surface to volume ratio. In terms of novelty, and relatively to the reported scientific and patented literature in relation to the fabrication of CaCO3 by green nano-chemistry, the current cost effective room temperature green process can be singled out as per the following specificities: only water as universal solvent is used, No additional base or acid chemicals for pH control, No additional catalyst, No critical or supercritical CO2 usage conditions, Only natural extract of thebaica as a green effective chelating agent through its phytochemicals and proper enzematic compounds, room Temperature processing, atmospheric pressure processing, Nanoscaled size particles, and Nanoparticles with a significant shape anisotropy (1-D like nanoparticles). Beyond and in addition to the validation of the 1-D synthesis aspect, the bio-engineered CaCO3 exhibited a wide-ranging functionalities in terms of highly reflecting pigment, an effective nanofertilizer as well as a potential binder in cement industry.
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1 University of South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Pretoria, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238); iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.462638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0696 719X); University of South Africa, College of Graduate Studies, PRETORIA, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238)
2 University of South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Pretoria, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238); iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.462638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0696 719X)
3 University of South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Pretoria, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238); iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.462638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0696 719X); University of Namur, Chemistry Department (CMI Laboratory), Namur, Belgium (GRID:grid.6520.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2242 8479)
4 University of South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Pretoria, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238); iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.462638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0696 719X); University of Le Maine, IMMM, UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Cedex 09, France (GRID:grid.21106.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 2182 0794)
5 University of South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Pretoria, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238); iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.462638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0696 719X); Nottingham University, Physics and Astronomy Department, Nottingham, UK (GRID:grid.4563.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8868)
6 University of South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Pretoria, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238); iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.462638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0696 719X); INRS-Energie et Matériaux, Varennes, Canada (GRID:grid.462638.d)
7 University of South Africa, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Pretoria, South Africa (GRID:grid.412801.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0610 3238); iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.462638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0696 719X); National Center for Physics, Experimental Physics Directorate (EPD), Islamabad, Pakistan (GRID:grid.466924.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0447 2400)