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Abstract
Combining viruses and nanoparticles may be a way to successfully treat cancer and minimize adverse effects. The current work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a specific combination of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to enhance the antitumor effect of breast cancer in both in vitro and in vivo models. Two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and AMJ-13) and a normal epithelial cell line (HBL-100) were used and treated with NDV and/or GNPs. The MTT assay was used to study the anticancer potentials of NDV and GNP. The colony formation assay and apoptosis markers were used to confirm the killing mechanisms of NDV and GNP against breast cancer cell lines. p53 and caspase-9 expression tested by the qRT-PCR technique. Our results showed that combination therapy had a significant killing effect against breast cancer cells. The findings demonstrated that NDV and GNPs induced apoptosis in cancer cells by activating caspase-9, the p53 protein, and other proteins related to apoptosis, which holds promise as a combination therapy for breast cancer.
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Details
1 University of Technology, Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.444967.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0618 8761)
2 Mustansiriyah University, Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetics Research, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.411309.e)
3 University of Misan, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Maysan, Iraq (GRID:grid.449919.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1788 7058); University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, College of Medicine, Karbala, Iraq (GRID:grid.513648.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 7642 4328)
4 Al-Mustaqbal University College, Department of Pharmacy, Babylon, Iraq (GRID:grid.517728.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 9360 4144)
5 Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.517728.e)
6 King Saud University, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.56302.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 5396)
7 King Saud University, Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.56302.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 5396)
8 Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India (GRID:grid.413148.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1800 734X)
9 University of Bristol, Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, UK (GRID:grid.5337.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7603)
10 Bilad Alrafidain University College, Department of Dentistry, Diyala, Iraq (GRID:grid.5337.2) (ISNI:0000 0005 0884 1629)
11 Al-Ayen University, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Thi-Qar, Iraq (GRID:grid.5337.2)