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Abstract
Eutrophication usually impacts grassland biodiversity, community composition, and biomass production, but its impact on the stability of these community aspects is unclear. One challenge is that stability has many facets that can be tightly correlated (low dimensionality) or highly disparate (high dimensionality). Using standardized experiments in 55 grassland sites from a globally distributed experiment (NutNet), we quantify the effects of nutrient addition on five facets of stability (temporal invariability, resistance during dry and wet growing seasons, recovery after dry and wet growing seasons), measured on three community aspects (aboveground biomass, community composition, and species richness). Nutrient addition reduces the temporal invariability and resistance of species richness and community composition during dry and wet growing seasons, but does not affect those of biomass. Different stability measures are largely uncorrelated under both ambient and eutrophic conditions, indicating consistently high dimensionality. Harnessing the dimensionality of ecological stability provides insights for predicting grassland responses to global environmental change.
Anthropogenic eutrophication is a driver of plant community shifts in many grassland ecosystems. Here, the authors use data from a globally distributed experiment to assess how nutrient addition affects multiple facets of grassland ecological stability and their correlations.
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1 Peking University, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319); German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.421064.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 7470 3956)
2 Peking University, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319)
3 University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, St. Paul, USA (GRID:grid.17635.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8657)
4 University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 6657)
5 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.421064.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 7470 3956); Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZ, Department of Physiological Diversity, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.7492.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 3830); Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany (GRID:grid.9018.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0679 2801)
6 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.421064.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 7470 3956); Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.9647.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 7669 9786)
7 MPG Ranch and University of Montana, Missoula, USA (GRID:grid.253613.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2192 5772)
8 Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, School of Natural Sciences, Dublin, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705)
9 King’s College London, Department of Geography, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764)
10 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.421064.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 7470 3956); Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZ, Department of Physiological Diversity, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.7492.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 3830)
11 Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Penrith, Australia (GRID:grid.1029.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9939 5719)
12 FCEyN, UNMdP-CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Mar del Plata, Argentina (GRID:grid.501734.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 5376 5832)
13 University Jena, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Jena, Germany (GRID:grid.9613.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 1939 2794)
14 Xián Jiaotong Liverpool University, Health & Environmental Sciences, Suzhou, China (GRID:grid.440701.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 4000)
15 Texas State University, Department of Biology, San Marcos, USA (GRID:grid.264772.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0682 245X)
16 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.421064.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 7470 3956); Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZ, Department of Physiological Diversity, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.7492.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 3830); University of Oulu, Ecology and Genetics, Oulu, Finland (GRID:grid.10858.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 0941 4873)
17 La Trobe University, Department of Environment and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia (GRID:grid.1018.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2342 0938)
18 Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Birmensdorf, Switzerland (GRID:grid.419754.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2259 5533)
19 University of Lisbon, Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263)
20 University of Lisbon, Centre for Applied Ecology “Prof. Baeta Neves” (CEABN-InBIO), School of Agriculture, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263)
21 University of Oulu, Ecology and Genetics, Oulu, Finland (GRID:grid.10858.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 0941 4873)
22 Agricultural University of Iceland, Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Hvanneyri, Iceland (GRID:grid.432856.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 1014 8912)
23 University of Bayreuth, Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany (GRID:grid.7384.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0467 6972)
24 Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK (GRID:grid.9835.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 8190 6402)
25 University of Maryland, Department of Entomology, College Park, USA (GRID:grid.164295.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0941 7177)
26 University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, Guelph, Canada (GRID:grid.34429.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8198)
27 Utrecht University, Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5477.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2034 6234)