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Abstract
Immunity induced by vaccination and infection, referred to as hybrid immunity, provides better protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to immunity induced by vaccinations alone. To assess the development of hybrid immunity we investigated the induction of Nucleoprotein-specific antibodies in PCR-confirmed infections by Delta or Omicron in vaccinated individuals (n = 520). Eighty-two percent of the participants with a breakthrough infection reached N-seropositivity. N-seropositivity was accompanied by Spike S1 antibody boosting, and independent of vaccination status or virus variant. Following the infection relatively more antibodies to the infecting virus variant were detected. In conclusion, these data show that hybrid immunity through breakthrough infections is hallmarked by Nucleoprotein antibodies and broadening of the Spike antibody repertoire. Exposure to future SARS-CoV-2 variants may therefore continue to maintain and broaden vaccine-induced population immunity.
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Details
1 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.31147.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2208 0118); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.10417.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 0444 9382)
2 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.31147.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2208 0118)
3 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.31147.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2208 0118)
4 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.31147.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2208 0118)