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Abstract
Species occurrence data are foundational for research, conservation, and science communication, but the limited availability and accessibility of reliable data represents a major obstacle, particularly for insects, which face mounting pressures. We present BeeBDC, a new R package, and a global bee occurrence dataset to address this issue. We combined >18.3 million bee occurrence records from multiple public repositories (GBIF, SCAN, iDigBio, USGS, ALA) and smaller datasets, then standardised, flagged, deduplicated, and cleaned the data using the reproducible BeeBDC R-workflow. Specifically, we harmonised species names (following established global taxonomy), country names, and collection dates and, we added record-level flags for a series of potential quality issues. These data are provided in two formats, “cleaned” and “flagged-but-uncleaned”. The BeeBDC package with online documentation provides end users the ability to modify filtering parameters to address their research questions. By publishing reproducible R workflows and globally cleaned datasets, we can increase the accessibility and reliability of downstream analyses. This workflow can be implemented for other taxa to support research and conservation.
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1 Flinders University, College of Science and Engineering, Bedford Park, Australia (GRID:grid.1014.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0367 2697)
2 King’s College London, Strand, Centre for the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine, Department of History, London, United Kingdom (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764)
3 Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, USA (GRID:grid.261120.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8040)
4 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla, Jurica La Mesa, Juriquilla, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México (GRID:grid.9486.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2159 0001)
5 Washington State University, Department of Entomology, Pullman, USA (GRID:grid.30064.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 6568); Smithsonian Institution, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA (GRID:grid.1214.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8716 3312)
6 University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute, Denton, USA (GRID:grid.266869.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1008 957X)
7 Biodiversity Outreach Network, Flagstaff, USA (GRID:grid.266869.5)
8 Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS); Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ); Science and Technology (S&T); Pest Identification Technology laboratory (PITL) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), St. Suite, Sacramento, USA (GRID:grid.413759.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 8379)
9 University of Kentucky, University Dr, Department of Entomology, Research and Education Center, Lexington, USA (GRID:grid.266539.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8438)
10 Universidad Nacionalde Colombia, Departamento de Biología, Bogotá, Colombia (GRID:grid.10689.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 9129 0751)
11 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Av, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Esperança, Brazil (GRID:grid.411195.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2192 5801)
12 Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Mexico (GRID:grid.462226.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9071 1447)
13 Discover Life, Athens, USA (GRID:grid.462226.6)
14 University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman, USA (GRID:grid.266900.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0447 0018)
15 USDA ARS Pollinator Health in Southern Crop Ecosystems Research Unit, Stoneville, USA (GRID:grid.508985.9)
16 USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects-Research Unit, Logan, USA (GRID:grid.508980.c)
17 Yale University, Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, New Haven, USA (GRID:grid.47100.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8710); Yale University, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, New Haven, USA (GRID:grid.47100.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8710)
18 University of Rochester, Department of Biology, Rochester, USA (GRID:grid.16416.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9174)
19 Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina (GRID:grid.412223.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 8144)
20 The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA (GRID:grid.421470.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 8788 3977)
21 Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein, Stuttgart, Baden, Germany (GRID:grid.437830.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 2141); Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
22 University of Southern California, Marine and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853)
23 National University of Singapore, Science Dr, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore (GRID:grid.4280.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 6431)
24 University of Hong Kong, School of Biological Sciences, Lung Fu Shan, Hong Kong (GRID:grid.194645.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 2757)
25 Biodiversity Outreach Network, Flagstaff, USA (GRID:grid.194645.b)