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Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees is a medicinal plant previously reported with broad-spectrum antivirals but the mode of inhibition remains elusive. The objective of this study was to identify the most active fraction from A. paniculata ethanol extract (APE, APE-2A, APE-2B and APE-2C) and dry powder extract (APSP) against influenza A (H3N2), representing RNA viruses, and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), representing DNA viruses. The results showed that the fractions APSP, APE, APE-2B, and APE-2C directly neutralized the HSV-1 and influenza A (H3N2) when incubated at room temperature for 60 min before infecting the cells. The results also showed that the additional APE-2A fraction also directly neutralized the influenza A (H3N2), but not the HSV-1. The APE, APE-2B and APE-2C inhibited the HSV-1 by more than 0.5 log when the fractions were introduced after infection. Similarly, the APSP and APE inhibited the influenza A (H3N2) more than 0.5 log after infection. Only 50 μg/mL APE-2C inhibited the viruses greater than 0.5 log. In addition, A. paniculata extracts were also evaluated for their interfering capacities against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As well, APE-2C potently inhibited NO production at the IC50 of 6.08 μg/mL. HPLC and LC–MS analysis indicated that the most actively antiviral fractions did not contain any andrographolide derivatives, whereas the andrographolide-rich fractions showed moderate activity.
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Details
1 Naresuan University, Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phitsanulok, Thailand (GRID:grid.412029.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9211 2704)
2 Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand (GRID:grid.7922.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0244 7875)
3 University of Phayao, Department of Cosmetic Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phayao, Thailand (GRID:grid.412996.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0625 2209)
4 Naresuan University, Faculty of Science, Science Laboratory Centre, Phitsanulok, Thailand (GRID:grid.412029.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9211 2704)
5 Naresuan University, Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Phitsanulok, Thailand (GRID:grid.412029.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9211 2704); Naresuan University, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Phitsanulok, Thailand (GRID:grid.412029.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9211 2704)