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Abstract
The ‘Green Revolution (GR)’ has been successful in meeting food sufficiency in India, but compromising its nutritional security. In a first, we report altered grain nutrients profile of modern-bred rice and wheat cultivars diminishing their mineral dietary significance to the Indian population. To substantiate, we evaluated grain nutrients profile of historical landmark high-yielding cultivars of rice and wheat released in succeeding decades since the GR and its impacts on mineral diet quality and human health, with a prediction for decades ahead. Analysis of grain nutrients profile shows a downward trend in concentrations of essential and beneficial elements, but an upward in toxic elements in past 50 y in both rice and wheat. For example, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentration in grains of rice decreased by ~ 33.0 (P < 0.001) and 27.0% (P < 0.0001); while for wheat it decreased by ~ 30.0 (P < 0.0001) and 19.0% (P < 0.0001) in past more than 50 y, respectively. A proposed mineral-diet quality index (M-DQI) significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased ~ 57.0 and 36.0% in the reported time span (1960–2010) in rice and wheat, respectively. The impoverished M-DQI could impose hostile effects on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like iron-deficiency anemia, respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal among the Indian population by 2040. Our research calls for an urgency of grain nutrients profiling before releasing a cultivar of staples like rice and wheat in the future.
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Details
1 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Directorate of Research, Kalyani, India (GRID:grid.444578.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9427 2533); Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohanpur, India (GRID:grid.444578.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9427 2533); Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Regional Station Mukteshwar, Nainital, India (GRID:grid.444578.e); ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, India (GRID:grid.418105.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0643 7375)
2 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohanpur, India (GRID:grid.444578.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9427 2533)
3 ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India (GRID:grid.418371.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 1039)
4 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Burdwan Sadar, India (GRID:grid.444578.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9427 2533)
5 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Directorate of Research, Kalyani, India (GRID:grid.444578.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9427 2533); Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohanpur, India (GRID:grid.444578.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9427 2533)
6 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Division of Environmental Soil Science, Bhopal, India (GRID:grid.464869.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9288 3664)
7 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Department of Agricultural Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohanpur, India (GRID:grid.444578.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9427 2533); Centurion University of Technology and Management, Department of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, India (GRID:grid.460921.8)
8 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Division of Forecasting and Agricultural Systems Modeling, New Delhi, India (GRID:grid.463150.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2218 1322)
9 Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Hyderabad, India (GRID:grid.19096.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1767 225X)