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Abstract
Numerous natural dyes were used to dye mediaeval Islamic paper from the tenth to the nineteenth century, using a variety of techniques. The objective of this research is to develop an analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) to identify natural dyes in forty historical Islamic paper manuscripts from two collections. In addition, novel information was obtained from original treatises containing recipes for dyeing paper and the chronological use of dyes in dyeing mediaeval Islamic paper between the tenth and seventeenth centuries. The results show that thirty-four of the forty manuscripts examined contained dyes. Six natural dyes were detected, including henna, madder, lac, safflower, turmeric, and weld. This is the first study aimed at developing a method for determining various natural dyes in Islamic paper from a wide historical and geographical range in the mediaeval time and to fill significant gaps in the technical and historical knowledge of papermaking.
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1 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo, Egypt (GRID:grid.7269.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0621 1570); University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (GRID:grid.8954.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0721 6013)
2 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (GRID:grid.8954.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0721 6013)
3 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (GRID:grid.8954.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0721 6013); University College London, Institute for Sustainable Heritage, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)