Authors’ Reply: Methodological Considerations for a Diabetes Family-Based eHealth Intervention

Abstract

Related Articles Comment on: http://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e48652/

Comment on: http://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e40420/

We greatly appreciate the authors’ interest and comments [1] on our eHealth family-based intervention program [2]. We hope that our responses are beneficial to the article’s readership.

Intervention Program Development

It is a common phenomenon that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have poor glucose control [3]. Clinical inertia, including physician related, health care system related, and patient related, is the main reason [4]. Our study developed an eHealth family-based intervention program, which decreased patient-related inertia. We interviewed endocrinologists and community physicians and found that physician and health care inertia existed. Some patients with T2DM with very poor glucose control failed to visit tertiary or secondary hospitals to adjust their medication.

Changes in Self-Care Activities

Changes in self-care activities were not substantial. There are two possible reasons. First, most patients with a long disease course had baseline self-care activities that were better than patients with a short disease course. So it was difficult to substantially enhance self-care activities. Second, the intervention intensity was not very high because we aimed to develop a generalizable labor-saving intervention model. Although differences were not substantial, it indicates that the eHealth family-based intervention program is effective.

The general diet and blood sugar test had the most significant effect on changes in hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c). During the intervention implementation, family members mainly concentrated on how to help patients with T2DM maintain a healthy diet. Regarding glucose self-monitoring, family members can help them test regularly for the glucose status and prompt them to follow the physician’s suggestion.

Frequency of Doctor Visits in Control Group

According to the National Standard for Basic Public Health Services, community physicians need to follow up with patients registered in the community system once every 3 months. Our patients were recruited from this system. The frequency of doctor visits in the control group was the same as in the intervention group.

Monitoring of Treatment Changes

Due to workforce deficiencies in community health centers caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, we did not adjust oral medication or insulin. However, treatment changes should be monitored carefully. More detailed information could better explain how the intervention influenced the patients’ glucose control.

Subanalysis of HbA1c Changes in Correlation With Their Baseline Levels

We considered baseline HbA_1c levels as a covariable. The covariance analysis indicated that patients with T2DM with worse baseline HbA_1c levels get better intervention effectiveness, similar to Brož et al’s [5] study, which indicates that priorities should be given to patients with T2DM and poorer glucose control.

Future Studies

To reduce the physician-based and health care–based inertia, measures targeted toward the health care system and physicians should be implemented. Future studies could be focused on physician-based and health care–based factors. More attention could be paid to the mechanism of improving the referral system and community physicians’ skills based on the medical alliance modes [6]. The feedback mechanism of two-way referral also should be improved, which will help the community physicians know whether patients with T2DM follow suggestions and provide targeted health education to those who do not follow suggestions.

Conflicts of Interest

None declared.

References

1. Brož Y, Campbell MD, Krollová P, Michalec J. Comment: methodological considerations for a diabetes family-based eHealth intervention. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023;11:e48652 [

References

Brož Y, Campbell MD, Krollová P, Michalec J. Comment: methodological considerations for a diabetes family-based eHealth intervention. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023;11:e48652 [https://mhealth.jmir.org/2023//e48652/]

Feng Y, Zhao Y, Mao L, Gu M, Yuan H, Lu J, et al. The effectiveness of an eHealth family-based intervention program in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the community via WeChat: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023 Mar 20;11:e40420 [https://mhealth.jmir.org/2023//e40420/]

Brož J, Janíčková Žďárská D, Urbanová J, Brabec M, Doničová V, Štěpánová R, et al. Current level of glycemic control and clinical inertia in subjects using insulin for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic: results of a multinational, multicenter, observational survey (DIAINFORM). Diabetes Ther 2018 Oct;9(5):1897-1906 [https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30094784]

Reach G, Pechtner V, Gentilella R, Corcos A, Ceriello A. Clinical inertia and its impact on treatment intensification in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 2017 Dec;43(6):501-511 [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1262-3636(17)30467-6]

Brož J, Janíčková Ždárská D, Štěpánová R, Kvapil M. Addition of basal insulin to oral antidiabetic agents in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes leads to improved HbA1c levels: metabolic control, frequency of hypoglycemia, and insulin titration analysis as results of a prospective observational study (BALI Study). Diabetes Ther 2019 Apr;10(2):663-672 [https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30788806]

Cai Y, Wen C, Tang L, Liu P, Xu Y, Hu S, et al. Exploration and consideration of the medical alliance modes. Iran J Public Health 2018 Aug;47(8):1160-1165 [https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/30186788]