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Abstract
Artificial intelligence models, like ChatGPT, have the potential to revolutionize higher education when implemented properly. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing university students’ attitudes and usage of ChatGPT in Arab countries. The survey instrument “TAME-ChatGPT” was administered to 2240 participants from Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, Lebanon, and Jordan. Of those, 46.8% heard of ChatGPT, and 52.6% used it before the study. The results indicated that a positive attitude and usage of ChatGPT were determined by factors like ease of use, positive attitude towards technology, social influence, perceived usefulness, behavioral/cognitive influences, low perceived risks, and low anxiety. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the adequacy of the “TAME-ChatGPT” constructs. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the attitude towards ChatGPT usage was significantly influenced by country of residence, age, university type, and recent academic performance. This study validated “TAME-ChatGPT” as a useful tool for assessing ChatGPT adoption among university students. The successful integration of ChatGPT in higher education relies on the perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, positive attitude towards technology, social influence, behavioral/cognitive elements, low anxiety, and minimal perceived risks. Policies for ChatGPT adoption in higher education should be tailored to individual contexts, considering the variations in student attitudes observed in this study.
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1 The University of Jordan, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.9670.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 4509); Jordan University Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.9670.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 4509)
2 Applied Science Private University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.411423.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 534X)
3 Kuwait University, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait City, Kuwait (GRID:grid.411196.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 1240 3921); College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Safat, Kuwait (GRID:grid.459471.a)
4 The University of Jordan, Prosthodontic Department, School of Dentistry, Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.9670.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 4509); Jordan University Hospital, Prosthodontic Department, Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.9670.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 4509)
5 Gulf Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Ajman, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.411884.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 9788)
6 Monash University Malaysia, School of Pharmacy, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia (GRID:grid.440425.3)
7 Al Rafidain University College, Department of Pharmacy, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.460862.e)
8 Al Rafidain University College, Department of Anesthesia, Baghdad, Iraq (GRID:grid.460862.e)
9 Lebanese International University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Bekaa, Lebanon (GRID:grid.444421.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0417 6142); Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Hawally, Kuwait (GRID:grid.448933.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 6131)
10 Lebanese International University, School of Pharmacy, Beirut, Lebanon (GRID:grid.444421.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0417 6142)
11 The University of Jordan, School of Dentistry, Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.9670.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 4509)
12 Future University in Egypt, Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt (GRID:grid.440865.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0377 3762); Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.448646.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 9046)
13 Mansoura University, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura, Egypt (GRID:grid.10251.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 0342 6662); Mansoura National University, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt (GRID:grid.10251.37)
14 Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Department of Pharmacy, Dammam, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.10251.37)
15 The University of Jordan, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan (GRID:grid.9670.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 4509)
16 Razi Hospital, The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry “Ibn Omrane”, Manouba, Tunisia (GRID:grid.414302.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 0397); Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia (GRID:grid.12574.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2295 9819)
17 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Jounieh, Lebanon (GRID:grid.444434.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2106 3658); Bellevue Medical Center, Department of Infectious Disease, Mansourieh, Lebanon (GRID:grid.444434.7); University Hospital Center, Department of Infectious Disease, Notre Dame des Secours, Byblos, Lebanon (GRID:grid.444434.7)
18 Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Jounieh, Lebanon (GRID:grid.444434.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2106 3658); Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Research Department, Jal Eddib, Lebanon (GRID:grid.512933.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0451 7867)