Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Associated Organochlorine Resistance in Mosquito-Borne Diseases (Culex quinquefasciatus): Systematic Study of Reviews and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the most important carriers of human pathogens. The use of insecticides is one of the most important methods of combating this vector. But the genetic resistance created in Culex quinquefasciatus has led to disruption in the fight against this pest. As a result, it is necessary to know the level of resistance in order to fight this vector. Based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of kdr resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. Methods: This study was conducted by systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of kdr resistance and mortality rate in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. Based on this, during the search in the scientific databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, biooan.org, Embase, ProQuest and Google scholar without time limit until the end of November 2023, all related articles were extracted and analyzed. Statistical analysis of the data was done using fixed and random effects model in meta-analysis, I2 index, Cochran's test and meta-regression by STATA version 17 software. Results: Seventy articles were included in the meta-analysis process. Based on the findings, the prevalence of Kdr in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticide was estimated at 63.1%. Also, the mortality rate against the insecticide deltamethrin was 46%, DDT 18.5%, permethrin 42.6%, malathion 54.4% and lambdacyhalothrin 53%. Conclusion: More than half of Cx. quinquefasciatus had Kdr. This vector was relatively resistant to DDT and permethrin insecticides and sensitive to malathion, deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin. As a result, it is necessary to use effective insecticides to fight this vector in order to prevent the increase of resistance to other insecticides.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have no conflict of interest.