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Abstract
Children’s secure attachment with their primary caregivers is crucial for physical, cognitive, and emotional maturation. Yet, the causal links between specific parenting behaviors and infant attachment patterns are not fully understood. Here we report infant attachment in New World monkeys common marmosets, characterized by shared infant care among parents and older siblings and complex vocal communications. By integrating natural variations in parenting styles and subsecond-scale microanalyses of dyadic vocal and physical interactions, we demonstrate that marmoset infants signal their needs through context-dependent call use and selective approaches toward familiar caregivers. The infant attachment behaviors are tuned to each caregiver’s parenting style; infants use negative calls when carried by rejecting caregivers and selectively avoid neglectful and rejecting caregivers. Family-deprived infants fail to develop such adaptive uses of attachment behaviors. With these similarities with humans, marmosets offer a promising model for investigating the biological mechanisms of attachment security.
The infants of family-living primate marmosets form secure attachments with their caregivers, who are tolerant and sensitive to their distress. This adaptive use of attachment behaviors is shaped by the family environment.
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1 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Hokkaido University, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (GRID:grid.39158.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 7691)
2 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Trinity College Dublin, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705); University of Trento, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Rovereto, Italy (GRID:grid.11696.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0351)
3 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Planning, Review and Research Institute for Social insurance and Medical program, Chiyoda-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8)
4 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shinjuku-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.26091.3c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9959); RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Okinawa Institute Science and Technology Graduate University, Neural Circuit Unit, Onna, Japan (GRID:grid.250464.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9805 2626)
5 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Agriculture, Fuchu, Japan (GRID:grid.136594.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0689 5974)
6 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Setagaya-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.272456.0)
7 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8)
8 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); University of Trento, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Rovereto, Italy (GRID:grid.11696.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0351)
9 Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shinjuku-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.26091.3c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9959); RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8)
10 Kyoto University, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Inuyama, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
11 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Sophia University, Department of Psychology, Chiyoda-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.412681.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2324 7186)
12 RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Affiliative Social Behavior, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8); Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kuroda Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan (GRID:grid.32197.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 2105); RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, Wako, Japan (GRID:grid.474690.8)