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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Simple Summary

Livestock diseases can affect the health of wild ruminants, and some of them are zoonotic, affecting the human health, and additionally, wildlife can act as excellent sentinels for infectious disease, since they have limited home ranges. To gain a better understanding of the disease epidemiology of livestock and zoonotic pathogens, we examined the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella abortus, Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii, seven pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans (Bratislava, Ballun, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo and Coppehageni), Mycobacterium bovis, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, SARS-CoV-2, Hepatitis E Virus, Pestivirus, Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV), and Bluetongue Virus in 164 wild and under-human-care pudus from central and southern Chile using several serological tests. We detected high seroprevalences for Leptospira interrogans Harjo and Pestivirus in wild pudus, suggesting a livestock transmission in the template forest, and for T. gondii in under-human-care animals. A Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira interrogans, and Neopora caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile, and further research will be necessary to understand their impact in the health and conservation of pudu.

Abstract

A significant gap in exposure data for most livestock and zoonotic pathogens is common for several Latin America deer species. This study examined the seroprevalence against 13 pathogens in 164 wild and captive southern pudu from Chile between 2011 and 2023. Livestock and zoonotic pathogen antibodies were detected in 22 of 109 wild pudus (20.18%; 95% CI: 13.34–29.18) and 17 of 55 captive pudus (30.91%; 95% CI: 19.52–44.96), including five Leptospira interrogans serovars (15.38% and 10.71%), Toxoplasma gondii (8.57% and 37.50%), Chlamydia abortus (3.03% and 12.82%), Neospora caninum (0.00% and 9.52%), and Pestivirus (8.00% and 6.67%). Risk factors were detected for Leptospira spp., showing that fawn pudu have statistically significantly higher risk of positivity than adults. In the case of T. gondii, pudu living in “free-range” have a lower risk of being positive for this parasite. In under-human-care pudu, a Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to T. gondii, L. interrogans, and N. caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile. High seroprevalence of livestock pathogens such as Pestivirus and Leptospira Hardjo in wild animals suggests a livestock transmission in Chilean template forest.

Details

Title
High Exposure to Livestock Pathogens in Southern Pudu (Pudu puda) from Chile
Author
Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel 1 ; Caviedes, Sebastián Verasay 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Pizarro-Lucero, Jose 3 ; Cabello, Javier 4 ; Vicencio, Rocio 5 ; Celis, Sebastián 6 ; Ortiz, Carolina 6 ; Kemec, Ignacio 6 ; Nour Abuhadba-Mediano 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Asencio, Ronie 4 ; Vera, Frank 8 ; Valencia, Carola 8 ; Lagos, Rocio 9 ; Moreira-Arce, Dario 10 ; Salinas, Fernanda 11 ; Ramirez-Toloza, Galia 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Muñoz-Quijano, Raul 3 ; Neira, Victor 3 ; Salgado, Rodrigo 3 ; Abalos, Pedro 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Parra, Barbara 3 ; Cárdenas-Cáceres, Simone 12 ; Muena, Nicolás A 12 ; Tischler, Nicole D 13   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Itziar Del Pozo 14 ; Aduriz, Gorka 14 ; Esperon, Fernando 15 ; Muñoz-Leal, Sebastián 16 ; Aravena, Paula 16 ; Alegría-Morán, Raúl 17   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Cuadrado-Matías, Raul 18 ; Ruiz-Fons, Francisco 19   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Fundacion Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; [email protected] 
 Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; [email protected] (S.V.C.); [email protected] (J.P.-L.); [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (G.R.-T.); [email protected] (R.M.-Q.); [email protected] (V.N.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (P.A.); [email protected] (B.P.); Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; [email protected] 
 Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; [email protected] (S.V.C.); [email protected] (J.P.-L.); [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (G.R.-T.); [email protected] (R.M.-Q.); [email protected] (V.N.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (P.A.); [email protected] (B.P.) 
 Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (R.A.) 
 Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, Santiago 8820808, Chile; [email protected] (S.V.C.); [email protected] (J.P.-L.); [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (G.R.-T.); [email protected] (R.M.-Q.); [email protected] (V.N.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (P.A.); [email protected] (B.P.); Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Nal Bajo, Ancud 5710000, Chile; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (R.A.) 
 Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (C.O.); [email protected] (I.K.) 
 Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago 7580506, Chile; [email protected] 
 School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Patagonia Campus, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; [email protected] (F.V.); [email protected] (C.V.) 
 Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; [email protected] 
10  Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; [email protected]; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago 7750000, Chile 
11  Fundacion Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin 9500000, Chile; [email protected]; Escuela de Geografia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile 
12  Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; [email protected] (S.C.-C.); [email protected] (N.A.M.); [email protected] (N.D.T.) 
13  Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. del Valle Nte. 725, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580704, Chile; [email protected] (S.C.-C.); [email protected] (N.A.M.); [email protected] (N.D.T.); Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago 8420524, Chile 
14  Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, 48160 Derio, Spain; [email protected] (I.D.P.); [email protected] (G.A.) 
15  Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; [email protected] 
16  Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile; [email protected] (S.M.-L.); [email protected] (P.A.) 
17  Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito Libertador 146, Santiago 8370003, Chile; [email protected] 
18  Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; [email protected] (R.C.-M.); 
19  Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; [email protected] (R.C.-M.); ; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain 
First page
526
Publication year
2024
Publication date
2024
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20762615
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2930478893
Copyright
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.