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Abstract
When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.
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Details
Title
Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies
Author
Andersson, Per A. 1 ; Vartanova, Irina 2 ; Västfjäll, Daniel 3 ; Tinghög, Gustav 4 ; Strimling, Pontus 5 ; Wu, Junhui 6 ; Hazin, Isabela 7 ; Akotia, Charity S. 8 ; Aldashev, Alisher 9 ; Andrighetto, Giulia 10 ; Anum, Adote 8 ; Arikan, Gizem 11 ; Bagherian, Fatemeh 12 ; Barrera, Davide 13 ; Basnight-Brown, Dana 14 ; Batkeyev, Birzhan 9 ; Berezina, Elizaveta 15 ; Björnstjerna, Marie 2 ; Boski, Paweł 16 ; Bovina, Inna 17 ; Huyen, Bui Thi Thu 18 ; Čekrlija, Đorđe 19 ; Choi, Hoon-Seok 20 ; Contreras-Ibáñez, Carlos C. 21 ; Costa-Lopes, Rui 22 ; de Barra, Mícheál 23 ; de Zoysa, Piyanjali 24 ; Dorrough, Angela R. 25 ; Dvoryanchikov, Nikolay 17 ; Engelmann, Jan B. 26 ; Euh, Hyun 27 ; Fang, Xia 28 ; Fiedler, Susann 29 ; Foster-Gimbel, Olivia A. 30 ; Fülöp, Márta 31 ; Gardarsdottir, Ragna B. 32 ; Gill, C. M. Hew D. 33 ; Glöckner, Andreas 34 ; Graf, Sylvie 35 ; Grigoryan, Ani 36 ; Gritskov, Vladimir 37 ; Growiec, Katarzyna 16 ; Halama, Peter 38 ; Hartanto, Andree 39 ; Hopthrow, Tim 40 ; Hřebíčková, Martina 35 ; Iliško, Dzintra 41 ; Imada, Hirotaka 42 ; Kapoor, Hansika 43 ; Kawakami, Kerry 44 ; Khachatryan, Narine 36 ; Kharchenko, Natalia 45 ; Kiyonari, Toko 46 ; Kohút, Michal 47 ; Leslie, Lisa M. 30 ; Li, Yang 48 ; Li, Norman P. 39 ; Li, Zhuo 49 ; Liik, Kadi 50 ; Maitner, Angela T. 51 ; Manhique, Bernardo 52 ; Manley, Harry 53 ; Medhioub, Imed 54 ; Mentser, Sari 55 ; Nejat, Pegah 12 ; Nipassa, Orlando 52 ; Nussinson, Ravit 56 ; Onyedire, Nneoma G. 57 ; Onyishi, Ike E. 57 ; Panagiotopoulou, Penny 58 ; Perez-Floriano, Lorena R. 59 ; Persson, Minna 2 ; Pirttilä-Backman, Anna-Maija 60 ; Pogosyan, Marianna 61 ; Raver, Jana 62 ; Rodrigues, Ricardo Borges 63 ; Romanò, Sara 64 ; Romero, Pedro P. 65 ; Sakki, Inari 60 ; San Martin, Alvaro 66 ; Sherbaji, Sara 67 ; Shimizu, Hiroshi 68 ; Simpson, Brent 69 ; Szabo, Erna 70 ; Takemura, Kosuke 71 ; Teixeira, Maria Luisa Mendes 72 ; Thanomkul, Napoj 73 ; Tiliouine, Habib 74 ; Travaglino, Giovanni A. 75 ; Tsirbas, Yannis 76 ; Widodo, Sita 77 ; Zein, Rizqy 77 ; Zirganou-Kazolea, Lina 76 ; Eriksson, Kimmo 78
1 Linköping University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922); Linköping University, JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
2 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031)
3 Linköping University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
4 Linköping University, JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922); Linkoping University, JEDILab, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
5 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); Linköping University, The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
6 Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 3309); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Psychology, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.410726.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1797 8419)
7 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); University of Uppsala, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala, Sweden (GRID:grid.8993.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9457)
8 University of Ghana, Department of Psychology, Accra, Ghana (GRID:grid.8652.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1485)
9 Kazakh-British Technical University, International School of Economics, Almaty, Kazakhstan (GRID:grid.443463.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 9110)
10 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden (GRID:grid.411579.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9689 909X); National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.428479.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 9633)
11 Trinity College Dublin, Department of Political Science, Dublin 2, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705)
12 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.412502.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0686 4748)
13 University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580)
14 United States International University Africa, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya (GRID:grid.442510.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0636 2504)
15 Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.430718.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0585 5508)
16 SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.433893.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2184 0541)
17 Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia (GRID:grid.446207.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 1703 2832)
18 Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam (GRID:grid.440774.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0451 8149)
19 University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philosophy, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (GRID:grid.35306.33) (ISNI:0000 0000 9971 9023); University of Greifswald, Institute of Psychology, Greifswald, Germany (GRID:grid.5603.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1531)
20 Sungkyunkwan University, Department of Psychology, Seoul, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.264381.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 989X)
21 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Sociología, Ciudad de México, México (GRID:grid.7220.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 0393)
22 Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Lisboa, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263)
23 Brunel University London, Center for Culture and Evolution, Uxbridge, UK (GRID:grid.7728.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0724 6933)
24 University of Colombo, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka (GRID:grid.8065.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2182 8067)
25 University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Cologne, Germany (GRID:grid.6190.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8580 3777)
26 University of Amsterdam, Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
27 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Gies College of Business, Champaign, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
28 Zhejiang University, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Hangzhou, China (GRID:grid.13402.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 1759 700X)
29 Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria (GRID:grid.15788.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 1177 4763)
30 New York University, Stern School of Business, New York, USA (GRID:grid.137628.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8753)
31 Research Centre of Natural Sciences, HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.425578.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0512 3755); Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.445677.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2108 6518)
32 University of Iceland, Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavík, Iceland (GRID:grid.14013.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 0021)
33 Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.430718.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0585 5508); Universal College Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (GRID:grid.430718.9)
34 University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Cologne, Germany (GRID:grid.6190.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8580 3777); Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.461813.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 9797)
35 Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Brno, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.418095.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1015 3316)
36 Yerevan State University, Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan, Armenia (GRID:grid.21072.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 687X)
37 Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia (GRID:grid.15447.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2289 6897)
38 Slovak Academy of Sciences, Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia (GRID:grid.419303.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 9405)
39 Singapore Management University, School of Social Sciences, Singapore, Singapore (GRID:grid.412634.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0697 8112)
40 University of Kent, School of Psychology, Canterbury, UK (GRID:grid.9759.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2232 2818)
41 Daugavpils University, Latvia, Daugvapils, Latvia (GRID:grid.17329.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0743 6366)
42 Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Psychology, Egham, UK (GRID:grid.4970.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 881X)
43 Monk Prayogshala, Department of Psychology, Mumbai, India (GRID:grid.4970.a)
44 York University, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.21100.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9430)
45 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.501881.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9351 481X)
46 Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara-City, Japan (GRID:grid.252311.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8895 8686)
47 University of Trnava, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, Trnava, Slovakia (GRID:grid.412903.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 1212 1596)
48 University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Science, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X)
49 University of Western Ontario, Department of Psychology, London, Canada (GRID:grid.39381.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8884)
50 Tallinn University, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn, Estonia (GRID:grid.8207.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9774 6466)
51 American University of Sharjah, Department of Psychology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.411365.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2218 0143)
52 Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique (GRID:grid.8295.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 5818)
53 HELP University Subang 2, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Education, & Languages, Subang Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.449013.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0434 6930); Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, Bangkok, Thailand (GRID:grid.7922.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0244 7875)
54 Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Department of Finance, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.440750.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2243 1790)
55 The Open University of Israel, Department of Education and Psychology, Raanana, Israel (GRID:grid.412512.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 7424)
56 The Open University of Israel, Department of Education and Psychology, Raanana, Israel (GRID:grid.412512.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 7424); University of Haifa, Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, Haifa, Israel (GRID:grid.18098.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0562)
57 University of Nigeria, Department of Psychology, Nsukka, Nigeria (GRID:grid.10757.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 2108 8257)
58 University of Patras, Department of Education and Social Work, Rion, Greece (GRID:grid.11047.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 0576 5395)
59 Universidad Diego Portales, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Huechuraba, Chile (GRID:grid.412193.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2150 3115)
60 University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
61 University of Amsterdam, Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
62 Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada (GRID:grid.410356.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8331)
63 Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.45349.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2220 8863)
64 University of Turin, Department of Culture, Politics and Society, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580)
65 Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Quito, Ecuador (GRID:grid.412251.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9008 4711)
66 IESE Business School, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271)
67 American University of Sharjah, Department of International Studies, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.411365.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2218 0143); University College London, Department of Anthropology, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
68 Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan (GRID:grid.258777.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2295 9421)
69 University of South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Columbia, USA (GRID:grid.254567.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9075 106X)
70 Johannes Kepler University, Department of International Management, Linz, Austria (GRID:grid.9970.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 5140)
71 Shiga University, Faculty of Economics, Hikone, Japan (GRID:grid.412565.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0664 6513)
72 Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Business Administration Postgraduate Program, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.412403.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2359 5252)
73 Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, Bangkok, Thailand (GRID:grid.7922.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0244 7875)
74 Université d’Oran 2, Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oran, Algeria (GRID:grid.473750.2)
75 University of London, Department of Law and Criminology, Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society, Royal Holloway, Egham, UK (GRID:grid.4464.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2161 2573)
76 University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.5216.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2155 0800)
77 Universitas Airlangga, Department of Psychology, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X)
78 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden (GRID:grid.411579.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9689 909X)
1 Linköping University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922); Linköping University, JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
2 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031)
3 Linköping University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
4 Linköping University, JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922); Linkoping University, JEDILab, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
5 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); Linköping University, The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping, Sweden (GRID:grid.5640.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 9922)
6 Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 3309); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Psychology, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.410726.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1797 8419)
7 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); University of Uppsala, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala, Sweden (GRID:grid.8993.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9457)
8 University of Ghana, Department of Psychology, Accra, Ghana (GRID:grid.8652.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1485)
9 Kazakh-British Technical University, International School of Economics, Almaty, Kazakhstan (GRID:grid.443463.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 9110)
10 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden (GRID:grid.411579.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9689 909X); National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.428479.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 9633)
11 Trinity College Dublin, Department of Political Science, Dublin 2, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705)
12 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.412502.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0686 4748)
13 University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580)
14 United States International University Africa, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya (GRID:grid.442510.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0636 2504)
15 Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.430718.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0585 5508)
16 SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.433893.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2184 0541)
17 Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia (GRID:grid.446207.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 1703 2832)
18 Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam (GRID:grid.440774.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0451 8149)
19 University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philosophy, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (GRID:grid.35306.33) (ISNI:0000 0000 9971 9023); University of Greifswald, Institute of Psychology, Greifswald, Germany (GRID:grid.5603.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1531)
20 Sungkyunkwan University, Department of Psychology, Seoul, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.264381.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 989X)
21 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Sociología, Ciudad de México, México (GRID:grid.7220.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 0393)
22 Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Lisboa, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263)
23 Brunel University London, Center for Culture and Evolution, Uxbridge, UK (GRID:grid.7728.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0724 6933)
24 University of Colombo, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka (GRID:grid.8065.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2182 8067)
25 University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Cologne, Germany (GRID:grid.6190.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8580 3777)
26 University of Amsterdam, Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
27 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Gies College of Business, Champaign, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
28 Zhejiang University, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Hangzhou, China (GRID:grid.13402.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 1759 700X)
29 Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria (GRID:grid.15788.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 1177 4763)
30 New York University, Stern School of Business, New York, USA (GRID:grid.137628.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8753)
31 Research Centre of Natural Sciences, HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.425578.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0512 3755); Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.445677.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2108 6518)
32 University of Iceland, Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavík, Iceland (GRID:grid.14013.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 0021)
33 Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.430718.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0585 5508); Universal College Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (GRID:grid.430718.9)
34 University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Cologne, Germany (GRID:grid.6190.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8580 3777); Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.461813.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 9797)
35 Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Brno, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.418095.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1015 3316)
36 Yerevan State University, Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan, Armenia (GRID:grid.21072.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0640 687X)
37 Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia (GRID:grid.15447.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2289 6897)
38 Slovak Academy of Sciences, Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia (GRID:grid.419303.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 9405)
39 Singapore Management University, School of Social Sciences, Singapore, Singapore (GRID:grid.412634.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0697 8112)
40 University of Kent, School of Psychology, Canterbury, UK (GRID:grid.9759.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2232 2818)
41 Daugavpils University, Latvia, Daugvapils, Latvia (GRID:grid.17329.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0743 6366)
42 Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Psychology, Egham, UK (GRID:grid.4970.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 881X)
43 Monk Prayogshala, Department of Psychology, Mumbai, India (GRID:grid.4970.a)
44 York University, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.21100.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9430)
45 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.501881.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9351 481X)
46 Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara-City, Japan (GRID:grid.252311.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8895 8686)
47 University of Trnava, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, Trnava, Slovakia (GRID:grid.412903.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 1212 1596)
48 University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Science, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X)
49 University of Western Ontario, Department of Psychology, London, Canada (GRID:grid.39381.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8884)
50 Tallinn University, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn, Estonia (GRID:grid.8207.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9774 6466)
51 American University of Sharjah, Department of Psychology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.411365.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2218 0143)
52 Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique (GRID:grid.8295.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 5818)
53 HELP University Subang 2, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Education, & Languages, Subang Jaya, Malaysia (GRID:grid.449013.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0434 6930); Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, Bangkok, Thailand (GRID:grid.7922.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0244 7875)
54 Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Department of Finance, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.440750.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2243 1790)
55 The Open University of Israel, Department of Education and Psychology, Raanana, Israel (GRID:grid.412512.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 7424)
56 The Open University of Israel, Department of Education and Psychology, Raanana, Israel (GRID:grid.412512.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 7424); University of Haifa, Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, Haifa, Israel (GRID:grid.18098.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0562)
57 University of Nigeria, Department of Psychology, Nsukka, Nigeria (GRID:grid.10757.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 2108 8257)
58 University of Patras, Department of Education and Social Work, Rion, Greece (GRID:grid.11047.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 0576 5395)
59 Universidad Diego Portales, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Huechuraba, Chile (GRID:grid.412193.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2150 3115)
60 University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
61 University of Amsterdam, Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
62 Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada (GRID:grid.410356.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8331)
63 Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.45349.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2220 8863)
64 University of Turin, Department of Culture, Politics and Society, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580)
65 Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Quito, Ecuador (GRID:grid.412251.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9008 4711)
66 IESE Business School, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271)
67 American University of Sharjah, Department of International Studies, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.411365.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2218 0143); University College London, Department of Anthropology, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
68 Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan (GRID:grid.258777.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2295 9421)
69 University of South Carolina, Department of Sociology, Columbia, USA (GRID:grid.254567.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9075 106X)
70 Johannes Kepler University, Department of International Management, Linz, Austria (GRID:grid.9970.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 5140)
71 Shiga University, Faculty of Economics, Hikone, Japan (GRID:grid.412565.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0664 6513)
72 Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Business Administration Postgraduate Program, São Paulo, Brazil (GRID:grid.412403.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2359 5252)
73 Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, Bangkok, Thailand (GRID:grid.7922.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0244 7875)
74 Université d’Oran 2, Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oran, Algeria (GRID:grid.473750.2)
75 University of London, Department of Law and Criminology, Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society, Royal Holloway, Egham, UK (GRID:grid.4464.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2161 2573)
76 University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.5216.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2155 0800)
77 Universitas Airlangga, Department of Psychology, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X)
78 Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.469952.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0468 0031); Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden (GRID:grid.411579.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9689 909X)
Pages
5591
Publication year
2024
Publication date
2024
e-ISSN
20452322
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2941976897
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.