ABSTRACT
Purpose: The objective was to evaluate the soil preparation in strips in sugarcane cultivation under the physical attributes of the soil, crop biometrics and the performance of mechanized sets in typical Ortie Quartzarene Neosol.
Method/design/approach: Two treatments were carried out (T1 and T2), in which Tl used a customized construction site with subsoiling rods and a rotating hoe and in T2, a disc harrow + conventional subsoiler equipped with a declogging roller. The design was in randomized blocks and the data was subjected to analysis of variance applying the Tukey test at 5% probability. The stability of the process in relation to biometrics was complemented by Statistical Process Control (CEP) through control charts from the lower (LIC) and upper (LSC) limits.
Results and conclusion: Tl improves the soil structure and profile by up to 0.285 m, when compared to T2. Operational performance was better in the T2 mechanized sets. The physical quality of the soil in T1 provides better development of sugar cane.
Research implications: research demonstrated the importance of adapting agricultural machinery to increase the physical quality of the soil.
Originality/value: With this study it is possible to disseminate methods for improving the physical quality of the soil to the scientific and production community.
Keywords: Root Development, Soil Compaction, Soil Profile.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Objetivou-se avaliar o preparo do solo em faixas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar sob os atributos físicos do solo, biometria da cultura e o desempenho dos conjuntos mecanizados em Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico.
Referencial teórico: O preparo de solo consiste na etapa mais importante da instalação do canavial. Esse processo visa proporcionar condições físicas adequadas ao solo, com benefícios ao desenvolvimento e longevidade da cultura.
Método: Foram feitos dois tratamentos (T1 e T2), em que T1 utilizou-se o canteirizador customizado com hastes subsoladoras e enxada rotativa e em T2, grade de discos + subsolador convencional provido de rolo destorroador. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados e os dados submetidos à análise de variância aplicando-se o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A estabilidade do processo com relação à biometria, foi complementada pelo Controle Estatístico de Processo (CEP) por meio das cartas de controle a partir dos limites inferior (LIC) e superior (LSC).
Resultados e conclusão: O T1 melhora a estrutura e o perfil do solo até 0,285 m, quando comparado ao T2. O desempenho operacional foi melhor nos conjuntos mecanizados do T2. A qualidade física do solo no T1 proporciona melhor desenvolvimento da cana-de- açúcar.
Implicações da pesquisa: a pesquisa demonstrou a importância da adequação de maquinário agrícola para aumentar a qualidade física do solo.
Originalidade/valor: com este estudo é possível difundir para a comunidade científica e produtora métodos de melhoria da qualidade física do solo.
Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Radicular, Compactação do Solo, Perfil do Solo.
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)
1 INTRODUCTION
The quest to gain productivity and longevity in the sugarcane field is directly related to soil chemical, physical, and biological properties, which, in turn, are influenced by the type of cultivation, from tillage associated with the type of equipment, seedling health, fertility management, crop nutrition, and controlled traffic. Interactions between soil and equipment can directly interfere with crop development, leading to large financial gains when they are chosen and worked correctly.
Soil tillage is an important step in planning a sugarcane field, and high productivity can be obtained only if the roots find favorable conditions for their full development. Soil physical conditions and moisture need to be satisfactory for root growth, not being limiting factors. Thus, compaction management must provide a favorable environment for growth and soil and water conservation (Helfgott, 1997).
The adoption of tillage systems with minimal soil disturbance, which keep cover crop residues on the surface, has been recommended as a technically viable alternative for the crop (Oliveira et al., 2001).
Several operations are generally conducted for the implementation or renovation of sugarcane fields, disturbing the soil with harrows, plows, scarifiers, and subsoilers to create ideal physical and chemical conditions for crop development, enhancing plant growth and obtaining good productivity (Ceddia et al., 1999).
Changes in soil physical properties, such as density, resulting from changes in soil structure (Klein and Libardi, 2002), fundamental physical-hydraulic qualities, such as porosity, water retention, water availability to plants, and soil penetration resistance (Tormena et al., 1998), lead to a decrease in productivity coming from the initial soil tillage.
Compaction is more intense the wetter the soil is during traffic in cultivated areas and is also influenced by different proportions between clay, silt, and sand in different soil classes (Vasconcelos and Garcia, 2005). Soil decompaction is carried out using subsoilers, which are implements that penetrate the subsurface, breaking the compacted layers. In this context, large sugarcane mills have employed subsoiling, which requires a lot of energy due to the large equipment used to decompact areas damaged by this traffic (Barbieri et al., 1987).
Generally, several operations are adopted to implement sugarcane cultivation, but their effects depend on each soil type (Barbieri et al., 1997). Similarly, different soil management practices, actively acting in the formation and stabilization of aggregates responsible for soil dynamics, present different results in the same soil, harming the productivity and longevity of sugarcane fields (Silva and Mielniczuk, 1998).
Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate strip tillage in sugarcane cultivation in terms of soil chemical and physical attributes, performance of machinery sets, and crop biometrics.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Sugarcane is a semi-perennial crop whose renewal occurs with each cultivation cycle, generally corresponding to 5 to 6 years, and the soil is susceptible to mechanical interventions during this period, with accumulation over the years (Tim Chamen et al., 2015; Cherubin, 2016).
Structural degradation negatively affects the soil, with changes in physical attributes such as total porosity and macroporosity (Lana et al., 2017), microporosity, and density (Vischi Filho et al., 2017), as well as soil resistance to root penetration (Lima et al., 2017). Thus, the adoption of conservation management, characterized by less soil disturbance, interferes with microporosity (water retention and storage) and macroporosity (aeration and water infiltration) in the soil (Nagahama et al., 2016).
Reduced tillage is characterized by the reduction of soil disturbance and consists of land systematization operations, distribution of amendments on the surface, subsoiling, and chemical destruction of crop residues and weeds (Gonçalves, 2006).
Farias et al. (2018) studied the operational and energetic performance of an agricultural tractor during harrowing operations and verified that the effective field capacity increased and, consequently, reduced operational fuel consumption although there was an increase in hourly fuel consumption due to the higher working speed. The authors reported the need for further studies to assess whether the trends found refer to all tractors and soil conditions or whether they are specific to the conditions, tractor model, and manufacturer used in the experiment.
According to Machado et al. (2015), the increase in subsoiling depth contributed to an elevation of energy expenditure and a reduction of effective field capacity. Cortez et al. (2011) evaluated the operational performance of an agricultural tractor in soil tillage operations with a scarifier, tandem harrow, and light offset harrows with 0.56 and 0.61 m discs and the number of operations on the same area (one, two, and three) and concluded that the effective and operational field capacity and the effective working time were influenced by the tillage implements and the number of operations in the area.
According to Morais et al. (2017), the characteristics tillering, height, and diameter of stalks are the main components that most correlate with stalk productivity, a fact affirmed by Silva et al. (2014) especially when associated with adequate soil water availability conditions, which enables responsive varieties to better manifest their genetic potential.
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out in an area of the Florinda farm, leased by the company Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema, located in the municipality of Deodápolis-MS, whose geographical coordinates are between latitude 22° 16'39" South and longitude 54°09'57" West, with a mean altitude of 406 m. The regional climate is Aw (tropical) according to the Köppen (1948) classification. Table 1 shows the rainfall regime in the experimental area throughout 2019.
The soil in the experimental area is classified as a typie Orthie Quartzarenic Neosol (Entisol), with a sandy texture and a smooth wavy relief according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System (EMBRAPA, 2013). Table 2 shows the soil particle size distribution in the experimental area.
The treatments were set up in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme. Fifteen sample points were taken in each treatment to determine the proposed variables. The treatments were a tractor + no-till subsoiler set (Tl) and a tractor + disc harrow set followed by a tractor + subsoiler set (T2).
Both treatments used a 4X2 FWD tractor with a power of 254 kW (345 hp). The no-till subsoiler used in T1 had four winged shanks, cutting discs with 0.61 m (24") in diameter, superficial rotary hoe (0.20 m), cutting width of 2.20 m, working depth of 0.60 m, and a mass of 2,300 kg. The harrow used in T2 had 48 discs measuring 1.22 m (28") in diameter, offset type, cutting width of 6.37 m, and mass of 6,220 kg, while the subsoiler had five winged shanks, 24" cutting discs, declogging roller, cutting width of 2.20 m, working depth of 0.60 m, and mass of 3,400 kg.
The bed was 2.20 m wide and supported two rows spaced 1.50 m symmetrically placed in the middle. The inter-row comprised a compacted strip of 0.85 m on the margins of the area prepared for the passage of the wheels (Figure 1).
The cultivar CTC 4, developed by the Sugarcane Technology Center (CTC), with characteristics of medium to late maturity, high productivity, rare flowering, erect growth, and recommended for environments A and C, was planted. A tractor-seeder unit was used for planting, consisting of a 4X2 FWD tractor with a power of 158 kW (215 hp) with an automated planter without a cabin and double-row coupled to the tractor, with a volumetric capacity of 6,000 kg.
Undisturbed samples for the evaluation of physical attributes were collected 30 days after soil tillage in the crop row and inter-row, as shown in Figure 1. Soil density was determined by the volumetric ring method of 58.9 cm3 (Figure 15), according to Blake and Hartge (1986), considering the natural state of the soil (EMBRAPA, 1997). Undisturbed samples were collected at depths of 0.850, 0.285, and 0.485 m, with five replications in each trench.
Total porosity (Equation 1), macroporosity (total porosity minus microporosity), and microporosity (Equation 2) were evaluated using the tension table method.
... (1)
Where:
Dr is the real density and Da is the apparent density.
... (2)
Where:
Mi is the sample mass after being subjected to a tension of 60 cm of water column (g). Mf is the sample mass dried in an oven at 105 °C (g), and Vc is the cylinder volume (cm3 cm-3).
Macroporosity = Total porosity - Microporosity
Soil water content was determined in the laboratory using Equation (3):
... (3)
Where:
Mi is the sample mass after being subjected to a tension of 60 cm of water column (g), Mf is the sample mass dried in an oven at 105 °C (g), and Vc is the cylinder volume (cm3 cm-3).
The surface and subsurface soil profile was obtained using an articulated profilometer (Figure 2) with dimensions of 3.0 m wide x 1.20 m height of the rods, graduated with precision of 0.10 and 0.05 m in length and depth, respectively. The equipment was positioned on the bed and half of the sugarcane inter-rows in the demarcated and georeferenced sample locations. The rods were released without the use of force, allowing them to copy the soil surface profile.
The elevation area (Equation 4) was obtained from the measurement of the soil surface.
... (4)
in which ae is the elevation area (m), pn is the value of the natural soil profile (m), and pf is the value of the final soil profile (m).
The disturbed area (Equation 5) was obtained from subsurface soil measurements.
... (5)
in which ad is the disturbed area (m), pi is the value of the initial soil profile (m), and pn is the value of the natural soil profile (m).
The subsurface measurement was conducted using force on each rod limited by the compacted soil layer, drawing the subsoil profile. According to Gamero and Benez (1990), soil swelling is the ratio between the area of soil elevation and the area disturbed by the active organs of the equipment (Equation 6), that is, the volumetric expansion of the soil with a consequent reduction in its density when disturbed mechanically.
... (6)
in which e is the swelling (%), ae is the elevation area (m2), and ad is the disturbed area (m2).
The number of seedlings that emerged in the 20 m sampled was determined by direct counting at 60 days. Root development was determined by root volume (cm3) by measuring the displacement of the water column in a graduated cylinder (Figure 3), and placing the roots after washing in a cylinder containing a known volume of water (700 ml). The direct response of root volume was obtained from the difference by the equivalence of units (1 ml = 1 cm3), according to the methodology described by Basso (1999).
The performance of the machinery sets was evaluated when preparing the treatments. The performance data of the set came from the onboard computer, including travel velocity, engine load and rotation, and frequency of one piece of data every five seconds.
Thus, the data from the onboard computer allowed the calculation of the effective field capacity (FcE) (Equation 7), operational field capacity (FcO) (Equation 8), and effective working time (Wef) (Equation 9).
... (7)
Where:
FcE is the effective field capacity (ha h ·), V is the velocity (km h '), and Weq is the equipment working width (m).
... (8)
Where:
FcO is the operational field capacity (ha h-1), AW is the worked area (ha), and t is the machine time (h).
... (9)
Where:
Wef is the effective working time (h ha-1).
The data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's mean comparison test at 5% probability.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tables 3,4, and 5 show the results of soil physical attributes. The tables were assembled to allow the comparison of treatments (T1 and T2) individually on the row or inter-row, represented by uppercase letters in the row. Moreover, they also allow analysis within the same treatment comparing row (R) and inter-row (IR) using lowercase letters in the rows.
According to Warrick and Nielsen (1980), the coefficient of variation (CV) is low when it is lower than 10% (high precision), medium when it is between 10 and 60%, and very high when it is higher than 60% (very low precision). No attribute presented coefficients of variation higher than 60% (Tables 3,4, and 5). Most attributes had CV values between 10 and 60%, being considered moderate, and attributes with CV values lower than 10% presented high-precision data. Comparin and Cortez (2023) studied soil chemical attributes and found that most attributes had moderate CV values and some of them had low precision, with CV higher than 60%. Inacio and Cortez (2023) analyzed soil particle distribution data and found that the CV of sand was below 10%, as it is the attribute with the highest concentration, while clay and silt had moderate CV values.
Table 3 shows the results of the attributes soil density, total porosity, macroporosity, and microporosity at a depth of 0.085 m. A difference was observed in the 0.085 m layer for all studied physical attributes when the rows and inter-rows were compared in both treatments, with density and microporosity being lower in the rows and total porosity and macroporosity being lower in the inter-rows (Table 3). This result shows the effect of soil tillage on improving the physical conditions of the surface and the importance of providing an adequate environment for plant growth under equipment traffic control. Studies have not reported evidence on the influence of mechanized management practices on soil density (Kanima et al., 2014; Jabro et al., 2016; Moraes et al., 2016). However, this study shows differences between treatments regarding layers. The analysis of Tl and T2 showed that soil density was lower in the row in Tl, associated with higher macroporosity, which is related to the use of the rotary hoe of the no-till subsoiling.
The attributes soil density and total porosity in the 0.285 m layer (Table 4) presented lower values between the row and the inter-row in both T1 and T2 and higher values in the row, respectively. Thus, the effect of the shanks in the process of removing compacted layers, thus decreasing density and increasing porosity is observed once again. No difference was observed between the row and the inter-row for macroporosity and microporosity in Tl. In contrast, macroporosity and microporosity had an antagonistic effect in T2, with higher values in R and IR, respectively. The comparison of only T1 and T2 in the row also shows a lower density in T1 although the higher depth may be associated with the effect of the rotary hoe.
The comparison between the row and the inter-row (Table 5) shows a difference for all studied physical attributes, except for microporosity. Higher values were found in the interrow, that is, the initial condition of the soil before tillage, for total porosity and macroporosity, and the lowest value for soil density.
T2 showed no difference in the values of the attributes between the row and the interrow for the depth of 0.485 m (Table 5). Marasca (2014) evaluated the influence of deep no-till subsoiling on sugarcane and observed relative density values considered harmful to the crop at depths of 0.15-0.30 and 0.30-0.45 m, as well as acceptable values in the 0.00-0.15 m layer, which is a similar behavior to that found in this study. The analysis of Tl and T2 in the row shows that T2 (subsoiler) provided a higher value of total porosity. There is no longer an effect of the rotary hoe of Tl at this depth (0.485 m).
In summary, both equipment had a positive influence on the soil structure up to the evaluated layer of 0.285 m throughout the layers, from the surface to the subsoil. A poor and little influence of these implements was observed on the deepest layer (0.485 m), evidenced by a higher density value in the row in Tl and equal in T2. The use of a disc harrow may form a compacted layer on the soil surface compared to systems without soil disturbance in the sugarcane crop. Arcoverde et al. (2019) found an increase in density and a decrease in macroporosity in the 0.0-0.1 m layer when using a harrow employed in the cultivation of this crop.
The total area disturbed by the tillage systems was determined to compare the performance of the equipment used in soil tillage. The level of the no-tilled interrow was considered as the natural soil profile, assigning a zero value to this parameter (Figure 4).
No difference was observed between treatments for the disturbed area (Table 6). However, T1 presented higher values in the parameters total area (4.8%) and soil swelling (8.7%) due to the difference in the area of elevation (12.5%), probably caused by the action of the rotary hoe.
Table 7 shows the difference between all the evaluated components, with the highest values for effective working time (Wef) and engine rotation per minute (R) attributed to Tl and the highest values for travel velocity (V), effective field capacity (FcE), operational field capacity (FcO), and mean engine load (L) to T2. The lower travel velocity of the no-till subsoiler in T1, as well as the higher engine rotation, is associated with the action of the rotary hoe in the current configuration of the equipment. Velocity is a component of FcE, FcO, Wef, and L, which were directly influenced, showing differences between treatments. The equipment used in T2 (subsoiler) presented higher FcE, FcO, and L values and a lower Wef value. Importantly, the disc harrow was used in T2 to cut the dry mass before passing the subsoiler. The demand for rotation of the rotary hoe present in the no-till subsoiler resulted in a higher value of this component for T1 compared to T2.
Table 7 shows that the biometric attributes number of tillers and root volume differed between treatments, with Tl presenting higher values, associated with better soil physical conditions, than T2. Marasca (2014) compared deep no-till subsoiling with equipment with rotary hoe operating at a depth of 0.3-0.4 m relative to conventional tillage and found higher tillering values for the no-till subsoiler at 120 days after sugarcane planting and cutting. Moreover, plant height only presented higher values for the conventional tillage at 390 days after sugarcane planting.
5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The use of the tractor + no-till subsoiler set improves the soil structure up to 0.285 m deep and the soil profile when compared to the tractor + subsoiler set and the use of the harrow in pre-operation.
The best performance during operations occurs with the tractor + no-till subsoiler set.
Soil physical quality after soil disturbance with the tractor + no-till subsoiler set provides better root development and tillering of sugarcane plants.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To ADECOGRAO Vale do Ivinhema, for the opportunity to develop this research. To UFGD, for the opportunity to carry out the Post-Doctorate research.
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Abstract
Objetivo: Objetivou-se avaliar o preparo do solo em faixas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar sob os atributos físicos do solo, biometria da cultura e o desempenho dos conjuntos mecanizados em Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico. Referencial teórico: O preparo de solo consiste na etapa mais importante da instalação do canavial. Esse processo visa proporcionar condições físicas adequadas ao solo, com benefícios ao desenvolvimento e longevidade da cultura. Método: Foram feitos dois tratamentos (T1 e T2), em que T1 utilizou-se o canteirizador customizado com hastes subsoladoras e enxada rotativa e em T2, grade de discos + subsolador convencional provido de rolo destorroador. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados e os dados submetidos à análise de variância aplicando-se o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A estabilidade do processo com relação à biometria, foi complementada pelo Controle Estatístico de Processo (CEP) por meio das cartas de controle a partir dos limites inferior (LIC) e superior (LSC). Resultados e conclusão: O T1 melhora a estrutura e o perfil do solo até 0,285 m, quando comparado ao T2. O desempenho operacional foi melhor nos conjuntos mecanizados do T2. A qualidade física do solo no T1 proporciona melhor desenvolvimento da cana-de- açúcar. Implicações da pesquisa: a pesquisa demonstrou a importância da adequação de maquinário agrícola para aumentar a qualidade física do solo. Originalidade/valor: com este estudo é possível difundir para a comunidade científica e produtora métodos de melhoria da qualidade física do solo.