THE ROLE OF BUDDHISM IN THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAM: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Abstract

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the role of Vietnamese Buddhism during the Ly and Tran dynasties in shaping the prosperous and peaceful society of Dai Viet, alongside the Vietnamese people during the 30 years of national liberation (1945-1975). Methods: The article utilizes various research methods, including analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive approaches, as well as comparative and contrastive methods. The historical method is employed to explore Buddhism's role during the Ly-Tran period and its contemporary impact on Vietnam. This approach provides an objective assessment of Buddhism's historical significance. The logical method is used to analyze socio-political issues, highlighting Buddhism's integration and humanitarian values throughout Vietnam's history. The data in this article is synthesized from books, articles, and websites published and released between 1942 and 2023. Results and discussion: Research findings indicate that during the Ly-Tran dynasties, Buddhism flourished and held the status of the state religion, shaping the nation's political orientation and emphasizing the spirit of national unity to safeguard independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. Throughout Vietnam's national liberation struggle (1945-1975), Buddhism maintained a patriotic spirit, standing alongside the people to acquire and retain political power, achieve peace, and unify the country. Since the initiation of Doi Moi (Renovation) in 1986, Buddhism has continued to adapt, leveraging its patriotic tradition, promoting devotion, and actively participating in international integration to strengthen the prosperous Vietnamese nation. Implications of the research: The research highlights the significant role of Buddhism in Vietnamese society across history and into the present. Initially established as the national religion during the Ly-Tran dynasties, Buddhism has been integral in fostering national unity and promoting patriotic values. It has endured through challenging times, including wars and external threats, continuing to uphold its teachings and engage in social and charitable activities. Originality/value: Throughout Vietnamese history, Buddhism has played a significant role alongside indigenous religions and beliefs in defending the nation and ensuring the well-being of its people. From the Dynasties of Dinh, Early Le, Ly, and Tran to the struggles for political power, national liberation, and the construction and defense of the socialist Vietnamese homeland, Buddhist monks, nuns, ascetics, and practitioners have consistently upheld virtue and morality, playing pivotal roles in assisting both the people and the country.

Alternate abstract:

Finalidade: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel do budismo vietnamita durante as dinastias Ly e Tran na formação da sociedade próspera e pacífica de Dai Viet, ao lado do povo vietnamita durante os 30 anos de libertação nacional (1945-1975). Métodos: O artigo utiliza vários métodos de pesquisa, incluindo análise, síntese, abordagens indutivas e dedutivas, bem como métodos comparativos e contrastivos. O método histórico é empregado para explorar o papel do budismo durante o período Ly-Tran e seu impacto contemporâneo no Vietnã. Esta abordagem fornece uma avaliação objetiva do significado histórico do budismo. O método lógico é usado para analisar questões sóciopolíticas, destacando a integração do budismo e os valores humanitários ao longo da história do Vietnã. Os dados deste artigo são sintetizados a partir de livros, artigos e sites publicados e lançados entre 1942 e 2023. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que durante as dinastias Ly-Tran, o budismo floresceu e manteve o status da religião do Estado, moldando a orientação política da nação e enfatizando o espírito de unidade nacional para salvaguardar a independência, soberania e integridade territorial. Durante a luta de libertação nacional do Vietnã (1945-1975), o budismo manteve um espírito patriótico, ao lado do povo para adquirir e manter o poder político, alcançar a paz e unificar o país. Desde o início de Doi Moi (Renovação) em 1986, o budismo continuou a se adaptar, alavancando sua tradição patriótica, promovendo a devoção e participando ativamente na integração internacional para fortalecer a próspera nação vietnamita. Implicações da pesquisa: A pesquisa destaca o papel significativo do budismo na sociedade vietnamita ao longo da história e no presente. Inicialmente estabelecido como religião nacional durante as dinastias Ly-Tran, o Budismo tem sido integral na promoção da unidade nacional e na promoção de valores patrióticos. Tem resistido por tempos desafiadores, incluindo guerras e ameaças externas, continuando a defender seus ensinamentos e se engajar em atividades sociais e caritativas. Originalidade/valor: Ao longo da história vietnamita, o budismo tem desempenhado um papel significativo ao lado das religiões e crenças indígenas na defesa da nação e na garantia do bem-estar de seu povo. Desde as dinastias de Dinh, Early Le, Ly e Tran até as lutas pelo poder político, libertação nacional e a construção e defesa da pátria socialista vietnamita, monges budistas, freiras, ascetas e praticantes têm consistentemente defendido a virtude e a moralidade, desempenhando papéis fundamentais na assistência tanto ao povo quanto ao país.

Alternate abstract:

Propósito: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el papel del budismo vietnamita durante las dinastías Ly y Tran en la conformación de la sociedad próspera y pacífica de Dai Viet, junto con el pueblo vietnamita durante los 30 años de liberación nacional (1945-1975). Métodos: El artículo utiliza varios métodos de investigación, incluyendo análisis, síntesis, enfoques inductivos y deductivos, así como métodos comparativos y contrastivos. El método histórico se emplea para explorar el papel del budismo durante el período Ly-Tran y su impacto contemporáneo en Vietnam. Este enfoque proporciona una evaluación objetiva de la importancia histórica del budismo. El método lógico se utiliza para analizar cuestiones sociopolíticas, destacando la integración del budismo y los valores humanitarios a lo largo de la historia de Vietnam. Los datos de este artículo se sintetizan a partir de libros, artículos y sitios web publicados y publicados entre 1942 y 2023. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados de la investigación indican que durante las dinastías Ly-Tran, el budismo floreció y mantuvo el estatus de la religión estatal, dando forma a la orientación política de la nación y enfatizando el espíritu de unidad nacional para salvaguardar la independencia, la soberanía y la integridad territorial. A lo largo de la lucha de liberación nacional de Vietnam (1945-1975), el budismo mantuvo un espíritu patriótico, al lado del pueblo para adquirir y retener el poder político, lograr la paz y unificar el país. Desde la iniciación de Doi Moi (Renovación) en 1986, el budismo ha seguido adaptándose, aprovechando su tradición patriótica, promoviendo la devoción y participando activamente en la integración internacional para fortalecer la próspera nación vietnamita. Implicaciones de la investigación: La investigación destaca el papel significativo del budismo en la sociedad vietnamita a través de la historia y en el presente. Inicialmente establecido como la religión nacional durante las dinastías Ly-Tran, el budismo ha sido integral en el fomento de la unidad nacional y la promoción de los valores patrióticos. Ha soportado tiempos difíciles, incluidas guerras y amenazas externas, y ha seguido defendiendo sus enseñanzas y participando en actividades sociales y benéficas. Originalidad/valor: A lo largo de la historia vietnamita, el budismo ha desempeñado un papel importante junto con las religiones y creencias indígenas en la defensa de la nación y la garantía del bienestar de su pueblo. Desde las dinastías de Dinh, Early Le, Ly y Tran hasta las luchas por el poder político, la liberación nacional y la construcción y defensa de la patria socialista vietnamita, los monjes, monjas, ascetas y practicantes budistas han defendido constantemente la virtud y la moralidad, desempeñando papeles fundamentales en la asistencia tanto al pueblo como al país.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the role of Vietnamese Buddhism during the Ly and Tran dynasties in shaping the prosperous and peaceful society of Dai Viet, alongside the Vietnamese people during the 30 years of national liberation (1945-1975).

Methods: The article utilizes various research methods, including analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive approaches, as well as comparative and contrastive methods. The historical method is employed to explore Buddhism's role during the Ly-Tran period and its contemporary impact on Vietnam. This approach provides an objective assessment of Buddhism's historical significance. The logical method is used to analyze socio-political issues, highlighting Buddhism's integration and humanitarian values throughout Vietnam's history. The data in this article is synthesized from books, articles, and websites published and released between 1942 and 2023.

Results and discussion: Research findings indicate that during the Ly-Tran dynasties, Buddhism flourished and held the status of the state religion, shaping the nation's political orientation and emphasizing the spirit of national unity to safeguard independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. Throughout Vietnam's national liberation struggle (1945-1975), Buddhism maintained a patriotic spirit, standing alongside the people to acquire and retain political power, achieve peace, and unify the country. Since the initiation of Doi Moi (Renovation) in 1986, Buddhism has continued to adapt, leveraging its patriotic tradition, promoting devotion, and actively participating in international integration to strengthen the prosperous Vietnamese nation.

Implications of the research: The research highlights the significant role of Buddhism in Vietnamese society across history and into the present. Initially established as the national religion during the Ly-Tran dynasties, Buddhism has been integral in fostering national unity and promoting patriotic values. It has endured through challenging times, including wars and external threats, continuing to uphold its teachings and engage in social and charitable activities.

Originality/value: Throughout Vietnamese history, Buddhism has played a significant role alongside indigenous religions and beliefs in defending the nation and ensuring the well-being of its people. From the Dynasties of Dinh, Early Le, Ly, and Tran to the struggles for political power, national liberation, and the construction and defense of the socialist Vietnamese homeland, Buddhist monks, nuns, ascetics, and practitioners have consistently upheld virtue and morality, playing pivotal roles in assisting both the people and the country.

Keywords: Buddhism, The Social Development, Vietnamese Society, Human Development, Vietnamese History.

RESUMO

Finalidade: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel do budismo vietnamita durante as dinastias Ly e Tran na formação da sociedade próspera e pacífica de Dai Viet, ao lado do povo vietnamita durante os 30 anos de libertação nacional (1945-1975).

Métodos: O artigo utiliza vários métodos de pesquisa, incluindo análise, síntese, abordagens indutivas e dedutivas, bem como métodos comparativos e contrastivos. O método histórico é empregado para explorar o papel do budismo durante o período Ly-Tran e seu impacto contemporâneo no Vietnã. Esta abordagem fornece uma avaliação objetiva do significado histórico do budismo. O método lógico é usado para analisar questões sóciopolíticas, destacando a integração do budismo e os valores humanitários ao longo da história do Vietnã. Os dados deste artigo são sintetizados a partir de livros, artigos e sites publicados e lançados entre 1942 e 2023.

Resultados e discussão: Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que durante as dinastias Ly-Tran, o budismo floresceu e manteve o status da religião do Estado, moldando a orientação política da nação e enfatizando o espírito de unidade nacional para salvaguardar a independência, soberania e integridade territorial. Durante a luta de libertação nacional do Vietnã (1945-1975), o budismo manteve um espírito patriótico, ao lado do povo para adquirir e manter o poder político, alcançar a paz e unificar o país. Desde o início de Doi Moi (Renovação) em 1986, o budismo continuou a se adaptar, alavancando sua tradição patriótica, promovendo a devoção e participando ativamente na integração internacional para fortalecer a próspera nação vietnamita.

Implicações da pesquisa: A pesquisa destaca o papel significativo do budismo na sociedade vietnamita ao longo da história e no presente. Inicialmente estabelecido como religião nacional durante as dinastias Ly-Tran, o Budismo tem sido integral na promoção da unidade nacional e na promoção de valores patrióticos. Tem resistido por tempos desafiadores, incluindo guerras e ameaças externas, continuando a defender seus ensinamentos e se engajar em atividades sociais e caritativas.

Originalidade/valor: Ao longo da história vietnamita, o budismo tem desempenhado um papel significativo ao lado das religiões e crenças indígenas na defesa da nação e na garantia do bem-estar de seu povo. Desde as dinastias de Dinh, Early Le, Ly e Tran até as lutas pelo poder político, libertação nacional e a construção e defesa da pátria socialista vietnamita, monges budistas, freiras, ascetas e praticantes têm consistentemente defendido a virtude e a moralidade, desempenhando papéis fundamentais na assistência tanto ao povo quanto ao país.

Palavras-chave: Budismo, Desenvolvimento Social, Sociedade Vietnamita, Desenvolvimento Humano, História Vietnamita.

RESUMEN

Propósito: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el papel del budismo vietnamita durante las dinastías Ly y Tran en la conformación de la sociedad próspera y pacífica de Dai Viet, junto con el pueblo vietnamita durante los 30 años de liberación nacional (1945-1975).

Métodos: El artículo utiliza varios métodos de investigación, incluyendo análisis, síntesis, enfoques inductivos y deductivos, así como métodos comparativos y contrastivos. El método histórico se emplea para explorar el papel del budismo durante el período Ly-Tran y su impacto contemporáneo en Vietnam. Este enfoque proporciona una evaluación objetiva de la importancia histórica del budismo. El método lógico se utiliza para analizar cuestiones sociopolíticas, destacando la integración del budismo y los valores humanitarios a lo largo de la historia de Vietnam. Los datos de este artículo se sintetizan a partir de libros, artículos y sitios web publicados y publicados entre 1942 y 2023.

Resultados y discusión: Los resultados de la investigación indican que durante las dinastías Ly-Tran, el budismo floreció y mantuvo el estatus de la religión estatal, dando forma a la orientación política de la nación y enfatizando el espíritu de unidad nacional para salvaguardar la independencia, la soberanía y la integridad territorial. A lo largo de la lucha de liberación nacional de Vietnam (1945-1975), el budismo mantuvo un espíritu patriótico, al lado del pueblo para adquirir y retener el poder político, lograr la paz y unificar el país. Desde la iniciación de Doi Moi (Renovación) en 1986, el budismo ha seguido adaptándose, aprovechando su tradición patriótica, promoviendo la devoción y participando activamente en la integración internacional para fortalecer la próspera nación vietnamita. Implicaciones de la investigación: La investigación destaca el papel significativo del budismo en la sociedad vietnamita a través de la historia y en el presente. Inicialmente establecido como la religión nacional durante las dinastías Ly-Tran, el budismo ha sido integral en el fomento de la unidad nacional y la promoción de los valores patrióticos. Ha soportado tiempos difíciles, incluidas guerras y amenazas externas, y ha seguido defendiendo sus enseñanzas y participando en actividades sociales y benéficas.

Originalidad/valor: A lo largo de la historia vietnamita, el budismo ha desempeñado un papel importante junto con las religiones y creencias indígenas en la defensa de la nación y la garantía del bienestar de su pueblo. Desde las dinastías de Dinh, Early Le, Ly y Tran hasta las luchas por el poder político, la liberación nacional y la construcción y defensa de la patria socialista vietnamita, los monjes, monjas, ascetas y practicantes budistas han defendido constantemente la virtud y la moralidad, desempeñando papeles fundamentales en la asistencia tanto al pueblo como al país.

Palabras clave: Budismo, Desarrollo Social, Sociedad Vietnamita, Desarrollo Humano, Historia Vietnamita.

1 INTRODUCTION

Vietnam, a multi-ethnic nation comprising 54 coexisting ethnic groups, boasts a diverse population practicing various faiths and religions. This distribution is widespread, spanning urban and rural areas, as well as mountainous regions throughout the country. Buddhism was introduced to Vietnam through peaceful means at an early stage, resonating closely with the beliefs and traditional culture of the Vietnamese people. Throughout the historical journey of the Vietnamese people, Buddhism has witnessed highs and lows, periods of prosperity and decline, and at certain junctures, it held the status of the state religion. Since its introduction to Vietnam, the teachings of Buddhism have deeply permeated the thoughts, culture, ethics, and behavior of the Vietnamese people. During the Ly-Tran period, Buddhism was regarded as the "national religion" in Vietnam, experiencing robust development over nearly four centuries.

On one hand, Buddhism aligned well with the people's spiritual life, cultural identity, and lifestyle in Dai Viet; on the other hand, it responded to policies aimed at constructing, strengthening, and developing the contemporary feudal state. From another perspective, during the Ly-Tran period, Buddhism played a crucial role in fostering the unity of the people, rallying and uniting the entire nation against the invasions of the Song and Mongol-Yuan armies. It contributed to consolidating and maintaining the independence and self-determination of the people, and resisting external cultural influences. Therefore, during the Ly-Tran period, Buddhism left a distinctive mark by seamlessly integrating worldly and spiritual aspects, serving as a "thread" that connected the feudal court with the people. It created unparalleled strength during resistance against invasions and maintained social order in the country during times of peace. In the history of Vietnam, from 1945 to 1975, many monks, nuns, and Buddhist practitioners participated in the resistance, exhibiting courage and making sacrifices to defend the nation's independence. After 1975, Vietnam achieved peace, unity, and territorial integrity. The country's various Buddhist sects and organizations gradually moved towards unity, culminating in the establishment of the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha in 1981. Over more than 40 years since its founding, from 1981 to 2024, the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha has been the "common home" for monks, nuns, and Buddhist practitioners of Vietnamese Buddhism, domestically and abroad. It has become the "sole representative for monks, nuns, and Buddhist practitioners of Vietnam both domestically and abroad, engaging in numerous beneficial and charitable Buddhist activities, contributing significantly to the construction and defense of the strong and prosperous Vietnamese homeland" (Public Security News, 2003). Inheriting the patriotic tradition of defending the nation and ensuring the people's well-being from Vietnam Buddhism during the Ly-Tran period, Buddhism in present-day Vietnamese society has brought significant meaning and practical effectiveness across various areas through specific actions and activities and the spirit of adaptation, leadership, and societal contribution. These include social welfare, poverty alleviation, environmental protection, climate change mitigation, and the comprehensive development of culture, ethics, and humanity. In the current context, researching Vietnamese Buddhism's past and present contributions to the development of Vietnamese society is increasingly important. Given the current landscape, researching the historical and contemporary contributions of Vietnamese Buddhism to the nation's advancement holds increasing significance. Accordingly, the current research aims to address the following questions:

1. What roles did Buddhism play in Vietnamese society during the Ly and Tran period?

2. What contributions has it made to the construction and development of Vietnam today?

3. How can the role of Vietnamese Buddhism be enhanced in the face of the challenges posed by the Fourth Industrial Revolution to propel Vietnam forward and integrate it into the international community?

2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The article employs a systemic approach to elucidate the doctrine of Buddhism, showcasing the harmonious integration between indigenous beliefs and cultural activities of the Vietnamese people. It approaches the research issue from both historical and logical perspectives to systematically reconstruct historical events, prominent figures, and factors influencing Buddhism's emergence as one of the significant religions in the spiritual and mental lives of the Dai Viet people. Thus, it outlines the role, essence, laws, and general trends of Buddhism within the historical flow of the Vietnamese nation. The research gathers secondary data from research findings in books, newspapers, journals, and published websites.

3 METHODOLOGY

This article employs various research methods, including analysis and synthesis, inductive and deductive approaches, as well as comparative and contrastive methods. The primary methods used are historical and logical. The historical method is employed to elucidate Buddhism's role and significant contributions during the Ly-Tran period and its influence on the contemporary construction of Vietnam. Through this lens, the roles of Buddhism in Vietnam's history are objectively and scientifically assessed. The logical method is utilized to analyze socio-political issues, reflecting the optimistic spirit of integration and the humanitarian essence of Buddhism throughout the country's historical development. It particularly emphasizes the continuity of patriotic traditions, devotion, national defense, people's security, and the duty and responsibility of monks, nuns, and Buddhist followers towards the country and its people. These contributions play a significant role in the ongoing efforts to build and protect the nation of Vietnam today.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 THE CONSTRUCTIVE ROLE OF VIETNAMESE BUDDHISM IN FOSTERING A PROSPEROUS AND PEACEFUL SOCIETY DURING THE LY-TRAN PERIOD

Buddhism has been present in Vietnam for over 2,000 years, witnessing the historical ups and downs and the transformations of the country and its people. In the historical development of the Vietnamese nation, Buddhism flourished significantly during the Ly-Tran dynasties. The dynasties were two extremely prosperous periods in the Vietnamese nation's history. Over 391 years under the ruling of 21 Ly-Tran kings (from the establishment of the Ly dynasty in 1009 to the end of the Tran dynasty in 1400), Vietnamese society experienced remarkable development in various fields, including the economy, military, culture, law, education, arts, architecture, and foreign relations.

During the Ly-Tran period, there was no discrimination or bias against religions and beliefs. There was a sense of peaceful coexistence among Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and folk beliefs. During this period, Buddhism also received special attention from the ruling kings, court officials, the royal family, and ordinary citizens and monks. It was considered the national religion. Discrimination or bias against religions and beliefs was a cultural characteristic of the Ly-Tran period. The kings of the Ly and Tran dynasties, from Ly Thai To and Ly Thai Tong, to Chan Thanh Tong and Chan Nhan Tong, all favored and revered Buddhism.

During the Ly-Tran period, many virtuous monks gained credibility among the people, such as Tu Dao Hanh, Man Giac, Van Hanh, Vien Thong, Vien Chieu, Thong Bien, Minh Khong, Giac Hai, and Huyen Quang. These respected monks, known as Quoc Su (national teachers), were advisors to the royal court who played a crucial role in providing guidance on governance and constructing the contemporary feudal state. As a highly valued and widely practiced religion with significant contributions to the construction of the feudal state in Vietnam during the Ly-Tran period, Buddhism played an essential role in developing the Vietnamese nation. The roles of Buddhism during the Ly-Tran period in Vietnamese society can be summarized as follows:

4.1.1 The role of Buddhism during the Ly-Tran period in shaping the political ideology characterized by the spirit of compassion and tolerance

In 1009, Ly Cong Uan ascended to the throne, marking the beginning of the reign of the Ly dynasty in the history of the Vietnamese nation (1009-1225). Even before establishing the dynasty, the Ly dynasty received significant assistance from Zen master Van Hanh. From his youth until ascending to the throne and establishing the Ly dynasty, Ly Cong Uan was deeply influenced by Buddhism and received education from two contemporary Zen masters, Ly Khanh Van and Van Hanh. When adopted by Zen master Ly Khanh Van from Co Phap Pagoda at the age of 3, Ly Cong Uan showed remarkable qualities, described as "intelligent and exceptionally handsome" (Ngo Si Lien, 1983). According to the Complete Annals of Dai Viet in the Genealogy (Vol. 2), Ly Cong Uan was praised by Zen master Van Hanh (from Luc To Pagoda) as "not an ordinary person, in the future, when grown up, he surely can resolve complexities and become a prominent leader in the realm" (Ngo Si Lien, 1983). History has recorded the contributions of Zen master Van Hanh in assisting Ly Cong Uan to ascend to the throne and formulate policies for the well-being of the nation. These policies were grounded in the flexible principles of Buddhism that embraced the spirit of tolerance, compassion, and equality. Following Zen master Van Hanh, other monks from the Ly dynasty, such as Vien Thong and Khong Lo, all played roles in assisting the king in political matters. However, there is a distinctive feature: after achieving significant success, these monks renounced worldly wealth and positions to focus on their spiritual practice.

Throughout 126 years of the Ly dynasty's existence, Buddhism gradually became an integral part of the cultural and intellectual life of the Vietnamese people. Monastic communities were established, and the teachings of Buddhism, with its principles of compassion, loving-kindness, tolerance, and encouragement for virtuous actions, gradually entered the people's consciousness. This played a part in alleviating the lingering impact of the cruelty associated with the earlier Le dynasty. Many pagodas were opened and expanded, serving as spiritual places of worship and learning environments for the people. With profound knowledge, the monks and scholars of the Ly dynasty served as political advisors with compassionate hearts and stood as great educators. The advice of Vien Thong on governance and the well-being of the people for King Ly Than Tong is described as follows; The realm is like an object; if placed in a peaceful location, it will be peaceful; if placed in a perilous location, it will be in danger. The essence lies in the conduct of the king. If the virtue of filial piety permeates the hearts of the people, they will love the ruler as their parents. To govern and control the realm lies in the loyalty of officials. If they are loyal, there will be governance; if they are disloyal, there will be chaos. Kings and lords do not immediately bring prosperity or ruin; it gradually depends on whether their actions are virtuous or wicked. Ancient sage-kings understood this, so they emulated it to bring tranquility to the people. Peace among the people is like showing respect to those below; instilling awe is like holding the reins while riding a spirited horse. Following this approach leads to prosperity, whereas going against it leads to ruin. Prosperity and ruin gradually emerge over time (Nguyen Dong Chi, 1942).

The deep-rooted essence of this strategy was to win the people's hearts, and thus ensured their peace. However, the leader of the dynasty must possess virtue, moderation, and talent. This is the harmonious integration of politics with the spirit of Buddhism. Therefore, the nine kings who ruled the Ly dynasty understood the importance of the fundamental principles of Buddhist teachings-compassion, loving-kindness, selflessness, and forgiveness. Accordingly, they flexibly applied these principles in their governance to win the people's hearts, maintain peace, foster consensus within the court, stabilize the political situation, and contribute to the stability and development of Dai Viet, ultimately achieving greater success than the preceding dynasties.

When the Tran dynasty succeeded the Ly dynasty in governing the country, the governance style of the Tran kings also bore the imprint of Buddhist principles such as compassion, benevolence, kindness, and harmony. Buddhism during the Tran dynasty was not the sole religion, as other religions like Confucianism and Taoism coexisted, including the belief in "Tam giao dong nguyen" (Three teachings in unity). However, Buddhism held a significant position and role as a spiritual foundation in the governance style of the Tran kings. In the realm of law, during the Tran dynasty, following the Ly dynasty, besides the strictness and standards to stabilize society, Tran's legal system also demonstrated a humane aspect, focusing on human values and ensuring rights and legitimate interests for the people: During the Ly dynasty, the legal system was more lenient and tolerant, while during the Tran dynasty, it became somewhat stricter. However, overall, throughout the Ly-Tran period, the state legal system still showed concern and support for the rights and interests of the people" (Vietnam Military History Institute, 1994).

Since their inception, religions in Vietnam, including Buddhism, have formed and developed with no primary political aims. However, under specific circumstances, during the reigns of the Ly and Tran dynasties in Vietnam, the kings utilized and emphasized the positive roles of Buddhism in societal life. This explains why, during the Ly-Tran dynasties, Buddhism made significant contributions to the construction and protection of the country and the well-being of the people.

4.1.2 The role of Buddhism during the Ly-Tran period in fostering national unity, elevating the spirit of the people, nurturing patriotism, and prioritizing the interests of the nation to protect independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.

The history of the Vietnamese nation is closely linked to the history of resistance wars against foreign invasions to protect the nation's independence. A remarkable aspect that can be considered the pinnacle of the Ly-Tran period was the spirit of Buddhist universalism, which was highly emphasized and harmonized with the great unity and cohesion of the entire people in resisting external invaders. The Ly-Tran dynasties was also a period in which the Vietnamese people had to confront some of the most powerful military forces in the world. The two resistance wars against the Song dynasty and the three victories against the Mongol invaders stand as historic epics engraved on the golden pages of the struggle for bravery to protect the sovereignty of the Ly-Tran dynasties.

To achieve these great victories, it was first and foremost the proper, talented, and insightful leadership of both dynasties' military commanders and skilled generals. On the other hand, these resistance wars could not succeed without the deeply ingrained spirit of solidarity, (solidarity within the royal court, between the king and the people, within the military, and among the people), self-reliance and self-strengthening, determination, and the ironclad oath to protect the integrity of the country's land, rivers, and borders of Dai Viet. Buddhism, as a common invisible force, became a spiritual weapon. This internal strength helped the dynasties unite the people and win over their hearts, all to maintain national sovereignty.

The General Ly Thuong Kiet, a national hero and a brilliant strategist with the art of "Tam Cong " (a mind or heart strategy), is praised in historical records for prioritizing the interests of the nation over personal matters. He always placed the welfare of the country and the people above individual, family, or personal concerns, setting aside personal grudges for the greater cause. For the sake of the country's unity, Ly Thuong Kiet invited Prime Minister Ly Dao Thanh to return to the court, and they then collaborated closely and shared hardships in leading the people of dai Viet to achieve the final victory in the resistance against the Tong dynasty.

Inheriting the spirit of self-sacrifice for the nation, the idea of the nation takes precedence, with one's life leading the way during the Tran dynasty was elevated to new heights. The kings of the Tran dynasty broke free from the strict constraints of an autocratic regime by narrowing the gap between the head of the state and the people, getting close to the life of the people, and making them the solid foundation of the regime. The unity of the kings with their subjects in both political and humane values brought significant results in their collective efforts to protect independence, maintain governance, and rebuild the country after the war. From the Binh Than Conference in 1282, initiated by Emperor Chan Thanh Tong and King Chan Nhan Tong to the Dien Hong Conference in 1284, all were enthusiastically supported by the people, including generals, nobles, and officials. The people spared no effort, contributing labor and resources, joining the dynasty, and engraving the words Sat That (kill the invaders) in their hearts and bodies. They shared the mission of defeating the ruthless armies of the Mongols, creating the East Asian pride of the Tran dynasty. Kings of the Tran dynasty, such as Thai Tong, Thanh Tong, and Nhan Tong, demonstrated in their daily lives and governance a profound adherence to the principles of equality, compassion, unity, democracy, and Buddhist teachings. They prioritized the interests of the monarchy and the royal family within the broader context of the nation's welfare and the well-being of the people to aim for national prosperity, tranquility, and the happiness of the citizens. After defeating powerful enemies, the Tran dynasty's kings implemented a policy of "Thai binh tu tri lue " (achieving inner peace and tranquility). They retreated to peaceful locations, engaged in meditation, sought harmony with nature, and left behind the pursuit of worldly gains and honors.

Thus, under the influence of Buddhist teachings, the ideological system of equality and selflessness, the people of Dai Viet, regardless of whether they were monastics or laypeople, from kings and officials to ordinary citizens, united to resist foreign invaders and protect the sovereignty, territory, and independence of the nation. Those who supported Buddhism during this period, especially the ruling monarchs, drew on the practical experiences of the nation to create their theories of resistance against foreign invasion (Le Thi Cuc, 2023). In various conditions, circumstances, spaces, and times during the Ly-Tran period, kings, officials, and people were united, and endorsed the ethos of placing the life-and-death interests of the nation at the forefront. Patriotism and national spirit were prioritized, and actions benefiting the country and the people and bringing peace and prosperity were emphasized in society.

4.1.3 The role of Buddhism during the Ly-Tran dynasties in taking care of people's lives and addressing social issues.

The Ly-Tran dynasties recognized the importance of the people in the resistance to protect national independence and build an independent nation; therefore, there was always a high regard for the principles of "than dan " (the people being the foundation), "yeu dan nhu con " (loving the people as children), and "khoan thu suc dan " (being considerate of the strength of the people) in governance. Influenced by the spirit of compassion, loving-kindness, generosity, detachment, alleviating suffering, help in times of calamity, selflessness, and forgiveness from Buddhist teachings, the kings of the Ly-Tran dynasties, from Ly Cong Uan to Chan Thai Tong, Chan Thanh Tong, and Chan Nhan Tong during the Tran dynasty, all had a compassionate heart for the people, cared for them, were close to them, and took care of their happiness. With the desire to nurture the strength of the people, as soon as the political and social situation stabilized, King Ly Thai To issued an order to exempt taxes for the people for three years, as documented by Cao Huy Chu: In the winter, in the twelfth month of the Thuy Hoa zodiac, after completing the construction, a grand ceremony was held to announce a three-year tax exemption for the entire kingdom. Those who were orphans, widows, or elderly individuals who had long been without paying taxes were all granted exemptions-providing clothes, wages, and medicine for 28 soldiers from the Man tribe whom Ngoa Trieu captured and sending someone to take them back to their hometown. Pardoning the men from Thach Ha district in Nam Gioi, Chau Hoan, and allowing them to return to their district (Cao Huy Chu, 2020).

Facing natural disasters and floods, to relieve the burden on the people, the Tran kings advocated for aiding people experiencing poverty, reducing taxes, and generously providing assistance to the people: According to Vietnamese Buddhism Sangha, "in 1303, Emperor (Nhan Tong) at Thien Truong Palace, organized the Vu Luong ceremony at Pho Minh Pagoda, offering gold, silver, silk, and preaching scriptures to help the poor domestically and propagate Buddhist teachings" (Vietnam Buddhist Association, 1992). King Ly Thanh Tong of the Ly dynasty is famous for his compassionate and benevolent heart. He had a famous statement: "The king deeply loves the people as one loves his children. Due to the troubles caused by various households, there are many sins, and I feel pity for that. Therefore, from now on, all sins will be reduced". This statement has been passed down through generations to the present day. The phrase "yeu dan nhu con " (loving the people as children) in the governance policies of the Ly dynasty's kings is not at all a "deception" by those who ruled the country but rather a "representation of compassionate hearts influenced by Buddhism" (Hoang Xuan Han, 2003). The evidence provided somewhat indicates that during the governance of the Ly-Tran dynasties, there was a consistent concern and care for the people's lives, ensuring their well-being through the humanitarian, tolerant, compassionate, and egalitarian spirit of Buddhism.

Buddhism during the Ly-Tran period played a significant role in shaping two flourishing dynasties in the history of Vietnam. It bore the imprint of a devoted religion, that accompanied the nation in times of war and peace. It marked the peak of integration of Buddhism into the political, economic, social, legal, cultural, and spiritual aspects of Dai Viet, even though the Ly-Tran period was a time when Dai Viet had to directly confront powerful military and economic forces. However, the Tong army had to ultimately succumbed to the will, strength, and strategic acumen of the Ly dynasty's military and people. The unity, harmony, and bond between ruler and subjects, father and son, and the policy of "khoan thu sue dan lam ke sau goc, ben re " (reducing the burden on the people is like cultivating deep roots to strengthen the foundation) of the Tran dynasty caused the Mongol - Yuan army to suffer three disastrous defeats. Placing the national interest above the interests of the ruling class and individuals, strengthening and building a unified block, the monarchs, generals, and soldiers had to unite to foster unity from top to bottom. This made the Ly-Tran dynasties a convergence of all internal factors to defeat all foreign invaders, achieve independence and self-determination, and build a prosperous and just society. In the Ly-Tran dynasties, Buddhism was considered the state religion, a particular belief system that was cherished by both the state authorities and the people. Not only did they admire Buddhism, but the rulers of the Ly-Tran dynasties were also dedicated to studying and practicing Buddhist teachings in the governance of society, which brought prosperity to the nation.

4.2 THE ROLE OF BUDDHISM IN VIETNAM DURING THE 30-YEAR RESISTANCE FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDEPENDENCE (1945-1975)

Immersing itself in struggling for national liberation, fighting for political power, and regaining independence for the fatherland and freedom for the nation-all the efforts led by the Communist Party of Indochina, Buddhism shared the responsibility of rescuing the country and the people from turmoil and challenges. In the face of significant changes in global and domestic situations and for the purpose of mobilizing the general population into suitable patriotic organizations, the Viet Minh Front was established in 1941. The grassroots organizations within the Viet Minh Front were named "Cuu Quoc" (Save the Nation), which reflected their shared goal of national salvation. The Viet Minh Front's significant policies bore similarities to Buddhism's ideals, aiming to bring equality and freedom to all people. Therefore, alongside other grassroots organizations within the Viet Minh Front, such as the Youth Rescue Team, the Young People's Rescue Team, and the Women's Rescue Team, the Buddhist Association for National Salvation was established in 1945. In the initial years of the resistance against French colonialism and the intervention of the United States, under the leadership of the Party within the Viet Minh Front and the active participation of monks, nuns, and Buddhist followers in the Buddhist Associations for National Salvation in the Northern, Central, and Southern regions, Buddhism contributed efforts, resources, and support, and shared the destiny with the Party in the struggle to defend the newly gained independence and maintain the young government in resistance to the French colonial invasion. On September 23, 1945, French colonial forces launched their second military invasion of Vietnam, targeting Sai Gon - Cho Lon. Responding to the resistance against French colonialism by the people of Southern Vietnam, Buddhist monks in their Buddhist robe and military uniforms with their meditation sticks sweeping away the invaders and heading to the battlefield to fight the enemy and defend the homeland became a familiar image, documenting the Buddhists' solidarity in the resistance against foreign invasion. The Buddhist temples in Vietnam have a long history of existence, such as Dong Ky Pagoda (Tu Son, Bac Ninh province), Co Le Pagoda (Truc Ninh, Nam Dinh province), and Giac Lam Pagoda (Ho Chi Minh City). They served as revolutionary bases and hiding places for the Vietnamese army during the 30-year resistance war (1945-1975).

Throughout the nine years of resistance against French colonialism, the Party's directives, led by President Ho Chi Minh, were implemented through specific action programs of the Viet Minh Front, such as Independent Nation, Farmers Own Fields, and Religious Freedom. These programs correctly addressed the hidden desires, thoughts, and aspirations of the Buddhist community, with which they aimed to build a prosperous and peaceful life for every individual within the Buddhist community. They aligned with President Ho Chi Minh's call for national unity: Today, our compatriots stand in great solidarity, sacrificing wealth, flesh, and blood, fighting relentlessly to crush the reactionary colonialists, to rescue the nation from misery, and to uphold the unity, tradition, and independence of the Fatherland. So, we follow the compassionate teachings of Lord Buddha Shakyamuni, resisting in order to lead our future generations out of the hardships of slavery (Ho Chi Minh, 2011).

In response to this call, organizations such as Buddhist Elders for National Salvation, Buddhist Youth for National Salvation, and the Monk Military Units of Vietnamese Buddhism united with the Party and the Government in rallying monks and Buddhists to fulfill their citizen duties during the national crisis. They actively participated in the nationwide resistance from the early days of the war. The courageous and silent contributions and sacrifices of the venerable monks and soldiers who shouldered the mission of eradicating illiteracy, raising the intellectual level of the people, illuminating the spirit of the nation, and building the national culture based on the principles of the nation, science, and the masses, were all honored by the Party and the State and recognized by the people. With a fervent love for the country, monks and Buddhist followers nationwide actively provided essential supplies for the resistance, and stood in solidarity alongside the government against the divisive policies of the French colonialists. This unity ultimately led the resistance to its final victory. The contributions of Vietnamese Buddhism "not only involve unanimous support for the resistance to achieve national independence but also guide believers toward leading virtuous lives and building a civilized and prosperous society, by the spirit of quietly preserving the spiritual essence amidst the flames of war and supporting Ho Chi Minh's government in the resistance" (Le Tam Dac, 2012).

After 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions with different political and social systems. Implementing the teachings of President Ho Chi Minh, as exemplified in his statement: "It is easier for Buddhism to flourish when the country is independent" (Ho Chi Minh, 2011) and the teachings of the Buddha, including selflessness, compassion, salvation from suffering and dangers, the legends of monks and meditation masters temporarily put aside their monastic life to join the battle against enemies armed with weapons and modern technology that were much more potent than the nine years of resistance against the French colonialists. Thanks to this, the resistance power was elevated to a new level. The monks and Buddhists, along with the general public and soldiers in the South, unanimously and resolutely joined the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, "regardless of political beliefs, religion, and fought decisively to regain freedom, democracy, and freedom of belief (Ho Chi Minh, 2011). In the Buddhist movement in the South in 1963, the event of Venerable Thich Quang Duc's self-immolation in opposition to unjust and ungrateful forces the Government of Ngo Dinh Diem on June 11,1963 had a significant impact on the social transformation movement in South Vietnam. It left a shining example of salvation and compassion, embodying the Buddha's teachings of benefiting all sentient beings, selflessness, and compassion. Alongside the example set by Venerable Thich Quang Duc during this time in the South in the movement for peace and the demand for religious freedom by monks and Buddhists, there were also sacrifices made by figures like Nhat Chi Mai, Quach Thi Trang, Thich Nu Dieu Quang, and others. Those examples reflected the selfless spirit of Vietnamese Buddhism, aligning perfectly with the aspirations and interests of the general population, including generations of monks and Buddhists. They actively participated in the struggle against U.S. imperial domination, the liberation of the South, the defense of the North, and the pursuit of peace, reunification, and territorial integrity for the fatherland.

In the struggle for national liberation, Buddhism, as a religion, consistently carried the spirit of patriotism, engagement with the world, righteous action, and altruistic assistance. It walked alongside the people in the endeavor to secure and maintain self-governance, resist French colonialism, and counter the invasion of the U.S. imperialists. Buddhism has played an integral role in the pursuit of peace and the reunification of the nation.

4.3 THE ROLE OF VIETNAMESE BUDDHISM IN THE COUNTRY'S RENOVATION PROCESS

In the current process of renovation, industrialization, and modernization in Vietnam, the people following Vietnamese Buddhism always accompany the nation in carrying out the central tasks set by the Party and the State in each stage in a collective attempt to build a prosperous and powerful Vietnam. From 1986 to 2024, Vietnamese Buddhism has consistently played a companion role alongside the Vietnamese nation in addressing several fundamental issues as follows:

Firstly, Vietnamese Buddhism accompanies and responds to various emulation movements initiated by the government, the Fatherland Front, and political and social organizations at all levels

In 1981, the Vietnamese Buddhist Church was established. When the nation's fate faces challenges and difficulties, Vietnam Buddhism always overcomes obstacles by elevating the spirit of national unity and mobilizing monks and Buddhists to make specific efforts to find opportunities in difficulties to build the country. When the country encounters new opportunities and moments, Vietnamese Buddhism unites, responds to, gathers, and leverages the strength of monks and Buddhists, thus tightening the close relationship between the Party, the State, and the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha to work together in building a strong nation.

The Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha regularly conducts social and charitable activities as part of its ongoing Buddhist practices. Following the teachings of the Buddha and emphasizing the positive role of Buddhist ethics, the monks and followers actively engage in selfless service to address social issues. Through activities such as opening vocational training classes, providing material support and financial aid, the Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha, directly or indirectly through the Vietnam Fatherland Front, has contributed billions of dong to various groups, including orphans, people with disabilities, and especially those facing difficult circumstances such as children without parents and individuals heavily affected by natural disasters or pandemics. The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted all sectors of social life and deeply impacted various aspects of the socio-economic life in Vietnam. Faced with the significant challenge posed by this global health crisis that the entire Vietnamese nation had to confront, thousands of monks, nuns, and Buddhist followers of the Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha, with a sense of responsibility and compassionate hearts, willingly volunteered and actively participated on the frontlines of the fight against the pandemic. They were ready to face the dangers, and undertook tasks to serve in makeshift hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City and provinces and cities in the South. The Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha has effectively contributed as well as mobilized all resources to work hand in hand with the government at all levels to prevent and control the pandemic. They played a crucial role in the victory over the COVID-19 pandemic, such as offering hundreds of billions of Vietnamese dong to the government's COVID-19 vaccine fund, using pagodas as centralized quarantine facilities, purchasing agricultural products for farmers in affected areas, and procuring medical equipment such as masks, medical protective clothing, disinfectant, ventilators, oxygen tanks, unfavorable pressure rooms, and ambulances. In addition to relief and charity activities, the Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha was a role model in implementing preventive measures against the disease in religious activities and gatherings. Through a humble lifestyle that embodies love, shares joy, cares for others, encourages people to empathize with those facing difficulties during the pandemic, "the noble and compassionate actions of the Vietnamese Buddhist Church, along with the monks and followers, have truly touched the hearts of millions of people nationwide, actively contributing to the efforts of all levels, sectors, and the entire population in the fight against the pandemic" (Vu Dung, 2022).

As members of the national solidarity bloc, Buddhist monks and followers within the Vietnamese Buddhist Church are inseparable from the people across the country in all social activities. As Thich Bao Nghiem comments: The Provincial Buddhist Executive Committees and City Buddhist Executive Committees nationwide regularly encourage local monks and Buddhist followers to excel in movements protecting the Fatherland, benefiting the people, preserving the environment, and promoting civilized living in their localities. They participate in political and social organizations, and various social activities for the benefit of the country and the people, such as running for National Assembly delegates, People's Councils, and the Vietnam Fatherland Front at all levels from central to local (Thich Bao Nghiem, 2023).

History in Vietnam has shown that almost every National Assembly term features nominations and elections of venerable monks and chief monks who are introduced as candidates and trusted by voters to be elected National Assembly deputies. The most recent instance was in the 15th National Assembly, where on May 23, 2021, four venerables and chief monks representing the Buddhist community were elected as National Assembly deputies. In the People's Councils at various levels, many delegates are dignitaries of Buddhism. This demonstrates the unique role of the Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha in mobilizing Buddhist followers to contribute to the cultural, educational, and socio-economic development in localities nationwide. The aim is to build a peaceful, friendly, cooperative, and prosperous Vietnam and ensure the people's well-being, freedom, and happiness.

Secondly, Vietnamese Buddhism Accompanies The Nation In Contributing To The Comprehensive Development Of The Vietnamese People

Buddhism is a religion that profoundly influences the spiritual life of the Vietnamese people. The ethical precepts of Buddhism, such as promoting peace and compassion for humanity, living with kindness and meaning, encouraging virtuous actions, opposing evil, practicing benevolence, aiding those in distress, fostering inner cultivation, and advising people to live harmoniously and be connected to the nation, share many similarities with the cultural and ethical values of the Vietnamese people. The positive perspectives in the philosophy of Buddhism have guided human ideals and become a compass directing individuals toward goodness and beauty. Arising from the inherent nature of human beings, the desire to overcome shortcomings and strive toward goodness and beauty is a continuous process of self-improvement. Therefore, individuals must constantly cultivate ethical values throughout their lives. Vietnamese Buddhism has continuously aligned itself with the Party and the State in strategically prioritizing education and training as the top national agenda to establish and nurture ethical values in individuals in the modern era. In recent years, to enhance intellectual capacity, cultivate knowledge for the people of Vietnam, and build a lifelong learning society the Central Buddhist Church and the local chapters, including temples, monasteries, and meditation centers such as Giac Ngo Pagoda, Hoang Phap Pagoda, and Khanh An Monastery (Ho Chi Minh City) have organized many meditation retreats and summer camps in both physical and online formats. Venerables with deep spiritual insight oversee these activities and cater to participants of all ages, from young to elderly. These events have achieved significant success, as illustrated: The Buddhist Church at all levels has successfully organized 70 Grand Ordination Ceremonies to transmit the precepts to more than 20,000 novices to continue the monastic lineage, expressing gratitude to the Buddha for his compassion. Thousands of people and Buddhists have taken refuge in the Triple Gem. Many temples and monastic establishments have been renovated and expanded. Numerous Dharma talks, memorial ceremonies for heroic martyrs, summer retreats, lecture series, and online retreats have been organized, effectively meeting the needs of the people, Buddhists, and the youth. Information dissemination and research in Buddhist studies have also achieved many successes (Thich Thien Nhon, 2022).

Through these activities, they have contributed to helping people have a more comprehensive view, connect with the natural environment, adopt a more responsible lifestyle, prioritize family well-being, and contribute more to the community. Therefore, contributing to the cultivation of ethics to enhance people's capacity and qualities, fostering patriotism, and preserving and promoting the traditional cultural values of the Vietnamese people are also significant purposes of the educational activities, sermons, and teachings organized by the Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha in recent times.

Thirdly, Vietnamese Buddhism accompanies the State's mission of environmental protection

In the 21 st century, one of the greatest challenges facing humanity is climate change. It is a global issue that affects all of humanity, as no country can escape its impacts. Vietnam is a developing country undergoing industrialization and modernization, so it is also heavily affected by the consequences of climate change. Climate change poses significant challenges, impacting many of Vietnam's sustainable development goals. There are many causes of climate change. Along with that is destroyed ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, according to current earth temperature calculations, species are disappearing or in danger of extinction: "About 50% of plant and animal species will face extinction by 2050 if the earth's temperature increases by another 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celsius" (Van Hoa, 2021). Climate change occurred in many places causing damage to both people and property, leading to the risk of war and conflict between countries and territories due to increasingly scarce food and fresh water. It causes adverse impacts on production, reducing productivity, salinization of water sources, droughts and floods, along with unusual natural disasters, causing loss and reduction in product quality, affecting the quality of products, greatly affect the income and well-being of people and other living things. Therefore, green growth is one of the solutions to cope with climate change in Vietnam.

One significant factor is the direct impact of human activities on the environment, such as rapid population growth leading to water pollution and the excessive use of plastic products which increases plastic waste. Urbanization is an inevitable process for developing countries like Vietnam. It is happening rapidly throughout the country, changing the natural landscape into the hustle and bustle of neighborhoods, high-rise buildings, and symbols of modern life and economic development. It significantly impacts the environment and natural resources, thus disrupting the ecological balance. Extensive land exploitation for urban development has led to the loss of green spaces, which is associated with flooding, air pollution, and dust pressing issues in urban areas today.

In this context, the growing inclination towards green living, living in harmony with nature, and immersing oneself in the abundance of plants, flowers, and birds, while cherishing all living beings, resonates with the Buddhist principles of environmental preservation. Additionally, preserving community health in the face of climate change is increasingly emphasized. Buddhism always advises people to treat the natural world according to the principle of moderation which encourages people to live in harmony with nature, preserve it for existence, and adopt an environmentally friendly lifestyle, while at the same time avoiding greed, hatred, and delusion.

The Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha has incorporated environmental protection programs into Buddhist activities. Many good models and practices in environmental protection have been initiated and effectively implemented by temples and meditation centers in various locations across the country. Prominent among them are grassroots movements for clean and beautiful pagodas, waste classification and disposal at monasteries, and the reduction of incense burning. Temples often arrange for monks and Buddhists to clean the temple grounds weekly to protect the environmental landscape. Every year, to create a fresh atmosphere for visitors and Buddhists when contemplating temple sceneries, Buddhists are encouraged to raise awareness of protecting the natural environmental landscape on Buddhist festival days. They participate in the movement of planting green trees and flowers, such as planting 'trees of blessings and wisdom' as an alternative to the traditional practice of picking and breaking off branches for luck. Many meditation centers in various provinces, such as Dong Nai and Birth Phuoc have been strategically constructed near forests to take on additional responsibilities of afforestation, forest protection, and conservation of wildlife species. Therefore, many 'forest meditation' landscapes have been created with lush greenery, clean water ponds, and refreshing air to combine eco-tourism with spiritual tourism and create a serene and peaceful environment for visitors. Vietnamese Buddhism has actively and practically engaged in environmental protection and responses to climate change to enhance the effectiveness of environmental conservation efforts, aiming towards sustainable development. In addition, there are movements that encourage Buddhists to use products with natural origins, such as paper, fabric, bagasse, bamboo, self-degradable bags as alternatives to plastic bags and plastic-made products. This initiative aligns with the principles of environmental sustainability and reducing the ecological footprint. Organizations and units using glass, ceramic, and porcelain products during meetings to minimize consumption of plastic bottles is a commendable step toward reducing plastic waste and promoting eco-friendly practices. This initiative, in line with the global movement to reduce single-use plastic products, has contributed to environmental conservation.

In order to protect the water environment and minimize water pollution, the Vietnamese Buddhist Sangha proposes that Buddhist organizations in provinces and cities avoid using plastic materials during lantern festivals. This recommendation aims to contribute to environmental preservation and reduce the negative impacts of plastic pollution on water ecosystems. These activities have created significant ripple effects in society, contributing to environmental protection and embodying the teachings of Buddhism. They also uphold the spirit of patriotism and people's well-being within the Buddhist community. With an environmentally friendly lifestyle, Vietnamese Buddhism, alongside the Party, the State, and other social organizations, has done its utmost to create new community awareness regarding responsible approaches to environmental protection and ecological preservation. This is a crucial initiative that holds significance for the present-day living environment and for creating a sustainable environment for future generations.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the insights generated in this paper, we can draw the following fundamental conclusions:

First, Buddhism plays a crucial role in the historical development of Vietnamese society, especially being regarded as the national religion during the Ly-Tran dynasties.

For nearly 2,000 years in Vietnam, Vietnamese Buddhism has made significant contributions to the development of the Vietnamese people, especially in the struggle for national independence, freedom, happiness for the people, peace, national unity, and the construction and protection of the Fatherland Vietnam. Introduced to Vietnam very early, Buddhism has become an integral spiritual aspect of most Vietnamese people's culture, daily life, and beliefs. From the early days of its inception, Buddhism quickly adapted, assimilating itself into the culture of the Vietnamese people, and alongside the nation, it overcame the most challenging adversities. During the Ly-Tran period, Buddhism entered a period of unprecedented prosperity. The Buddhism of in this period bore the hallmark of self-sacrifice based on genuine patriotism and purity and accompanied the nation's history in resisting foreign invaders for nearly four centuries. From the Ly period, extending through the post-Tran period, there were also Daoism, Confucianism, and various folk beliefs that constituted the indigenous culture of Vietnam. Therefore, the distinctive, representative, and prominent feature of Buddhism during the Ly and Tran period was "devotion to the teachings, love for the country". This ethos accompanied the political destiny of the country and aligned with the demands and requirements of the spiritual life and beliefs of the general population. During the Ly and Tran period, in the context of the country having to confront inevitable invasions from the Song and Mongol-Yuan armies, the urgent need was to gather, unite, and consolidate the strength of the people, generals, and the monarch. Buddhist ideology played a crucial role in connecting and tightly bonding the religion with the court, the people, and the nation.

Second, Buddhism has always accompanied the people, inheriting and promoting the patriotic tradition of "defend the country, benefit the people ", fostering the unity of the entire nation to build and protect Vietnam, especially during challenging periods, wars, and in the face of external threats.

Exemplars like Venerable Thich Quang Duc and many other monks and Buddhists serve as beacons illuminating the path of justice, freedom, and love for the country. Buddhism's unity and universal spirit have helped the country overcome complex challenges.

Third, at present, Buddhism continues to play a crucial role in maintaining its teachings and education and supporting social and charitable activities, and in the future, it may continue to contribute to the comprehensive development of society.

Vietnamese Buddhism has consistently made significant contributions and it therefore deserves recognition in the cause of industrialization, modernization, and the ongoing development of Vietnam. From participating in charitable and humanitarian activities to contributing to moral education, Buddhist involvement plays a role in the comprehensive development of the Vietnamese people. Whether engaging in environmental protection activities or supporting ethical education, Buddhism consistently accompanies people in all aspects of life. In the country's current process of industrialization and modernization, Vietnamese Buddhism actively contributes to the nation's innovation efforts and environmental conservation. In the context of increasingly severe climate change and environmental pollution, Vietnamese Buddhism has initiated activities and movements for environmental protection. It encourages a lifestyle that is friendly to nature and fosters environmental consciousness. With the universal spirit, leadership, altruism, and the promotion of patriotic tradition, Vietnamese Buddhism has transformed itself alongside the nation, accompanying the people in all areas of life. To honor the values and contributions of Buddhism to the nation's history, the Vietnamese Government has adopted various viewpoints and religious policies that are in line with promoting the joyous Buddhist tradition of 'defend the country, benefit the people'. This aims to gather and unite monks, nuns, and Buddhists in Vietnam and abroad to contribute to building a solid national unity bloc and religious harmony, to accompany the people in successfully achieving the general goals and specific objectives of industrialization, modernization, and to build a prosperous and happy Vietnam.

References

REFERENCES

Cao Huy Chu (2020). The Complete Annals of Dai Viet. Ha Noi: Hong Duc Publishing House.

Ho Chi Minh's Complete Works (2011). Vol. 15. Hanoi: The National Political Publishing House.

Hoang Xuan Han (2003). Ly Thuong Kiet - Diplomacy history and the governing principles of the Ly dynasty. Hanoi: People's Army Publishing House.

Le Tam Dac (2012). The Buddhist Revival Movement in Northern Vietnam (1924-1954). Hanoi: The National Politics Publishing House.

Le Thi Cuc (2018). The role of Buddhism during the Ly dynasty and the development of Dai Viet civilization. Lotus Online Library, accessed on July 19, 2023.

Ngo Si Lien (1983). The Complete Annals of Dai Viet, the genealogy or family records, Book II. Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishing House.

Nguyen Dong Chi (1942). Ancient Literature and History of Vietnam. Ha Noi: Han Thuyen Publishing House.

People's Public Security Newspaper (2023). The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha has made many contributions to "Defending the nation and ensuring the people's well-being", accessed on July 19, 2023.

Thich Bao Nghiem (2023). Vietnamese Buddhism venerates the teachings, loves the country, and contributes to the construction and defense of the socialist homeland of Vietnam. Online Magazine: Party Building, accessed on March 10, 2023.

Thich Thien Nhon (2022). Vietnamese Buddhism accompanies the development of the country. People's Army Newspaper Online, accessed on December 12, 2023.

Van Hoa (2021). Climate change and impacts of climate change. Electronic Newspaper of the Communist Party of Vietnam, accessed on February 19, 2024.

Vietnam Buddhist Sangha (1992). Tran Dynasty Zen Practice. Ho Chi Minh City: Institute for Vietnamese Buddhist Studies.

Vietnam Military History Institute (1994). Strategies for Homeland Defense during the Ly-Tran Dynasty. Hanoi: The National Politics Publishing House.

Vu Dung (2022). Promoting the positive values of religion for the nation's development endeavor, VOV/Vietnam Online, accessed on March 10, 2023.