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Abstract
This paper is a write-up of the ideas that were presented, developed and discussed at the fourth International Workshop on QCD Challenges from pp to AA, which took place in February 2023 in Padua, Italy. The goal of the workshop was to focus on some of the open questions in the field of high-energy heavy-ion physics and to stimulate the formulation of concrete suggestions for making progresses on both the experimental and theoretical sides. The paper gives a brief introduction to each topic and then summarizes the primary results.
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1 Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1002.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7857)
2 Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CPHT, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Palaiseau, France (GRID:grid.508893.f)
3 Universität Münster, Münster, Germany (GRID:grid.5949.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 9288)
4 INFN, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2)
5 Università and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.470193.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 8343 7610)
6 INFN, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.470222.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 7471 9712)
7 INFN, Sezione di Firenze, Florence, Italy (GRID:grid.470204.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2231 4148)
8 INFN, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.470222.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 7471 9712); Università di Torino, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580)
9 University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA (GRID:grid.24827.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 9593)
10 Università and INFN Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (GRID:grid.470200.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 4414)
11 Lund University, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
12 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.6652.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 8213)
13 Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a)
14 Los Alamos National Lab, Santa Fe, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079)
15 Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany (GRID:grid.5675.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0416 9637)
16 University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil (GRID:grid.411087.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0723 2494); Stefan Meyer Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (GRID:grid.4299.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2169 3852)
17 GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany (GRID:grid.159791.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9127 4365)
18 Università di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); Università and INFN Trieste, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b)
19 Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IJCLab, Orsay, France (GRID:grid.508754.b)
20 Università di Catania, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.8158.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1969); INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.8158.4)
21 Institut für Theoretische Physik, Frankfurt, Germany (GRID:grid.7839.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9721)
22 University of Jyväskylä and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.470106.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1106 2387)
23 Universita di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (GRID:grid.7637.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1846)
24 Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (GRID:grid.15444.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5454)
25 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X)
26 Polish Academy of Sciences, The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland (GRID:grid.413454.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 1958 0162)
27 Ruprecht Karls Universitaet Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373)
28 Università di Catania, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.8158.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1969); INFN Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy (GRID:grid.470198.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 400X)
29 INFN, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.470222.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 7471 9712); Universidad de Oviedo, Avda, Departamento de Física, Oviedo, Spain (GRID:grid.10863.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 6351); Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Oviedo, Spain (GRID:grid.10863.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 6351)
30 Universidad Nacional Autonoma, Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.9486.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2159 0001)
31 Institut für Astroteilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874)
32 Goethe University Frankfurt, Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR, Frankfurt, Germany (GRID:grid.7839.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9721)
33 INFN, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); Università di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470)
34 Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.4491.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 116X)
35 INFN Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy (GRID:grid.470195.e)
36 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (GRID:grid.7914.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7443)
37 Università di Torino, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580); University of Houston, Houston, USA (GRID:grid.266436.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1569 9707)
38 Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5477.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9637 0671)
39 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.116068.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2341 2786)
40 SUBATECH, Nantes University-IN2P3/CNRS-IMT Atlantique, Nantes, France (GRID:grid.4817.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2189 0784)
41 Università and INFN Trieste, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.4817.a)
42 Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China (GRID:grid.411407.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 2614)