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Abstract
Proficient reading requires critical phonological processing skill that interacts with both genetic and environmental factors. However, the precise nature of the relationships between phonological processing and genetic and environmental factors are poorly understood. We analyzed data from the Genes, Reading and Dyslexia (GRaD) Study on 1419 children ages 8–15 years from African-American and Hispanic-American family backgrounds living in North America. The analyses showed that phonological awareness mediated the relationship between DCDC2-READ1 and reading outcomes when parental education and socioeconomic status was low. The association between READ1 and reading performance is complex, whereby mediation by phonological awareness was significantly moderated by both parental education and socioeconomic status. These results show the importance of home environment and phonological skills when determining associations between READ1 and reading outcomes. This will be an important consideration in the development of genetic screening for risk of reading disability.
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1 University of Houston, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, Houston, USA (GRID:grid.266436.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1569 9707)
2 Yale University School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, New Haven, USA (GRID:grid.47100.32) (ISNI:0000000419368710)
3 University of Toronto, Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.17063.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 2938)
4 Brock University, Department of Child and Youth Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, St. Catharines, Canada (GRID:grid.411793.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9318)
5 University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA (GRID:grid.241116.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 3411)
6 Tufts University, Medford, USA (GRID:grid.429997.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7531)
7 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA (GRID:grid.266832.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 8502)
8 Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311)
9 University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA (GRID:grid.266190.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9621 4564)
10 University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.19006.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2167 8097)