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Abstract
Paired associative stimulation (PAS) consisting of high-intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and high-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation (known as high-PAS) induces plastic changes and improves motor performance in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Listening to music during PAS may potentially improve mood and arousal and facilitate PAS-induced neuroplasticity via auditory-motor coupling, but the effects have not been explored. This pilot study aimed to determine if the effect of high-PAS on motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and subjective alertness can be augmented with music. Ten healthy subjects and nine SCI patients received three high-PAS sessions in randomized order (PAS only, PAS with music synchronized to TMS, PAS with self-selected music). MEPs were measured before (PRE), after (POST), 30 min (POST30), and 60 min (POST60) after stimulation. Alertness was evaluated with a questionnaire. In healthy subjects, MEPs increased at POST in all sessions and remained higher at POST60 in PAS with synchronized music compared with the other sessions. There was no difference in alertness. In SCI patients, MEPs increased at POST and POST30 in PAS only but not in other sessions, whereas alertness was higher in PAS with self-selected music. More research is needed to determine the potential clinical effects of using music during high-PAS.
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Details
1 University of Helsinki and Aalto University School of Science, BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.5373.2) (ISNI:0000000108389418)
2 University of Helsinki, Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071); University of Helsinki, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071); University of Helsinki, Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071); Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.15485.3d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9950 5666)
3 University of Helsinki, Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071); University of Helsinki, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
4 University of Helsinki and Aalto University School of Science, BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.5373.2) (ISNI:0000000108389418); Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.15485.3d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9950 5666)