It appears you don't have support to open PDFs in this web browser. To view this file, Open with your PDF reader
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a serious health threat in Indonesia. In particular, the CRF01_AE viruses were the predominant HIV-1 strains in various cities in Indonesia. However, information on the dynamic transmission characteristics and spatial–temporal transmission of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Indonesia is limited. Therefore, the present study examined the spatial–temporal transmission networks and evolutionary characteristics of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Indonesia. To clarify the epidemiological connection between CRF01_AE outbreaks in Indonesia and the rest of the world, we performed phylogenetic studies on nearly full genomes of CRF01_AE viruses isolated in Indonesia. Our results showed that five epidemic clades, namely, IDN clades 1–5, of CRF01_AE were found in Indonesia. To determine the potential source and mode of transmission of CRF01_AE, we performed Bayesian analysis and built maximum clade credibility trees for each clade. Our study revealed that CRF01_AE viruses were commonly introduced into Indonesia from Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand. The CRF01_AE viruses might have spread through major pandemics in Asian countries, such as China, Vietnam, and Laos, rather than being introduced directly from Africa in the early 1980s. This study has major implications for public health practice and policy development in Indonesia. The contributions of this study include understanding the dynamics of HIV-1 transmission that is important for the implementation of HIV disease control and prevention strategies in Indonesia.
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
Details
1 Universitas Airlangga, Faculty of Medicine, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X); Universitas Airlangga, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X)
2 Universitas Airlangga, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X); Universitas Airlangga, Department of Health, Vocational Faculty, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X)
3 Universitas Airlangga, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X); Universitas Airlangga, Postgraduate School, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X)
4 Universitas Airlangga, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X); Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, Hyogo, Japan (GRID:grid.31432.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 1092 3077); Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Kobe, Japan (GRID:grid.31432.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 1092 3077)
5 Universitas Airlangga, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X); Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Kobe, Japan (GRID:grid.31432.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 1092 3077); Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Department of Virology, Osaka, Japan (GRID:grid.136593.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0373 3971)
6 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Research Department, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.410846.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9370 8809); Ritsumeikan University, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Kusatsu, Japan (GRID:grid.262576.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 8863 9909)
7 Ritsumeikan University, Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Kusatsu, Japan (GRID:grid.262576.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 8863 9909)
8 Universitas Airlangga, Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Surabaya, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440745.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0152 762X); Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Kobe, Japan (GRID:grid.31432.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 1092 3077)