Low Temperature Raman Spectroscopy of Tetrahydrofuran: Phonon Spectra Compared to Matrix Isolation Spectra in Air

Abstract

The conformation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) molecules in vapor has been the subject of considerable computational and experimental studies, the most recent by Park and Kwon stated that the difference between the most stable, twisted C₂ conformer and the bent C_s conformer is 17 ± 15 cm⁻¹. Because of low symmetry, all modes from both conformers are allowed in the Raman and infrared spectra. In 1982, Aleksanyan and Antipov observed the emergence of two Raman bands at 249 and 303 cm⁻¹ at 20 K, while only one band at 293 cm⁻¹ was present in solid THF at 142. They assigned the 249 cm⁻¹ band to the restricted pseudorotational motion of THF in the solid state, because on heating, the band diminishes and is too weak to be observed near melting point (at 142 K). Cadioli et al. reported a study of the vibrational spectrum of tetrahydrofuran, giving a complete assignment of all bands including those present in the low-temperature Raman spectrum at 85 K and infrared bands observed at 90 K. They assigned the band at 242 cm⁻¹ in the Raman spectrum at 85 K as an overtone of the lowest normal mode (pseudorotational mode), while the 299 cm⁻¹ band in the same spectrum was assigned as a radial mode. In the following, low-temperature Raman spectra of solid THF together with the Raman matrix isolated spectrum of THF in air will be presented and compared to published data. Our results indicate that the band observed at 245 cm⁻¹ at 10 K is too strong to be assigned as an overtone, since its intensity is of the same magnitude as the 299 cm⁻¹ band.

1. Introduction

The non-rigidity of small molecules has captured the interest of scientists because it is essential for explaining their chemical preferences, such as conformations of amino acids in peptides [1], for the determination of the composition of sugars in solutions [2], and for explaining the origin of modern twist–bend nematic liquid crystals [3], among others. As pointed out by Park and Kwon, structural variations of ribose having C_2′-endo conformation in B-deoxyribonucleic acid and C_3′-endo conformation in ribonucleic acid have an impact on their biological function [4]. Tetrahydrofuran is produced and used in large quantities reaching nearly half a million tons per year [5], because it can solvate both polar and non-polar compounds [6] and is a candidate for hydrogen storage due to its ability to form clathrate hydrates [7].

The conformation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) molecules in vapor has been the subject of considerable computational and experimental studies [8,9,10,11], the most recent of which stated that the difference between the most stable twisted C₂ conformer and the bent C_s conformer is 17 ± 15 cm⁻¹ [4]. Because of low symmetry, all modes are allowed in both the Raman and the infrared spectrum. However, the transitions between pseudorotational levels for THF in the gas phase require special attention, since the two lowest normal modes, pseudorotational and radial transition, display a multitude of sub-transitions [12,13,14,15,16].

In the solid state, it has been repeatedly established by both X-ray [5,17] and neutron scattering [18] that THF exists in the twisted C₂ conformation. It crystallizes in the C2/c space group with four molecules per unit cell, each molecule being on the rotation axis of symmetry of the second order [17]. Aleksanyan and Antipov observed the emergence of two Raman bands at 249 and 303 cm⁻¹ at 20 K, while only one band at 293 cm⁻¹ was present in solid THF at 142 K [19]. They assigned the two bands to the out-of-plane skeletal vibrations of THF in restricted non-planar conformation. Cadioli et al. reported a study on the vibrational spectrum of tetrahydrofuran, giving a complete assignment of all bands including those present in low-temperature Raman spectrum at 85 K and infrared bands observed at 90 K [20]. They assigned the band at 242 cm⁻¹ in the Raman spectrum at 85 K as an overtone of ν₃₃, which is the lowest normal mode (pseudorotational mode), while the 299 cm⁻¹ band in the same spectrum was assigned as a radial mode (ν₁₇). In a subsequent publication, Gallinella et al. presented vibrational spectra THF-d₈, assigning the two Raman bands observed in the solid at 125 and 199 cm⁻¹ to 0 →1 and 0 → 2 jumps of the pseudorotational motion [21].

Recently, an FTIR matrix isolation experiment was conducted where THF molecules were immobilized in N₂, and the conclusion based on repeated annealing was that both C_s and C₂ were present in the matrix independently of the annealing process [22]. Also, Park and Kwon used mass spectroscopy combined with vacuum UV photoionization to produce a THF cation in the D₀ state, which was predominantly in the C₂ conformation, and analyzed data for both C₂ and C_s conformations in the ground S₀ state of the neutral molecule [4]. They determined the conformational stabilities of the twisted C₂ and bent C_s conformers to be 17 ± 15 cm⁻¹, and stated that they can equilibrate under the molecular beam conditions applied in the experiment [4].

In the following, low-temperature Raman spectra of solid THF together with the Raman matrix isolated spectrum of THF in air will be presented and compared to published data. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous Raman matrix isolation spectra of tetrahydrofuran have been published so far. Our results indicate that the band observed at 245 cm⁻¹ at 10 K is too strong to be assigned as an overtone, as was assigned in [20].

2. Experimental

Liquid tetrahydofuran was purchased from VWR company; it had a purity > 99% and was used as such. The experimental setup for Raman matrix isolation experiments has been described previously [23,24]; therefore, we briefly stress the main points. A closed-cycle helium cryostat is used for the cooling of the cold finger in the sample chamber onto which a gold-plated surface is fixed. Once the lowest attainable temperature is achieved (10 K), the valve that lets the mixture of air and tetrahydrofuran vapor is opened. Within several minutes, a solid film of frozen air and THF molecules is formed on the gold-plated surface, and Raman spectral acquisition undertaken. Since the vapor pressure of tetrahydrofuran is 18.8 kbar at 295 K [25], at atmospheric pressure of 101,325 Pa, there are 5.4 molecules of nitrogen or oxygen per one molecule of tetrahydrofuran present. Their vibrations, however, are not overlapping vibrational bands of tetrahydrofuran, since they are observed at 2328 cm⁻¹ (N₂) and at 1553 cm⁻¹ (O₂). For cooling, we used a CCS 350 Janis Research closed cycle He cryostat with Lake Shore 331 temperature controller. Spectra were recorded with a T64000 Horiba-JobinYvon Raman spectrometer, operating in triple subtractive mode. Raman spectra were recorded in multiwindow option, from 10 to 3200 cm⁻¹ for the polycrystalline sample and from 50 to 3200 cm⁻¹ for the liquid and matrix isolated THF. The laser power of the 532 nm DPSS laser (ChangChun Industries Ltd., Changchun, China) applied to the sample was 7 mW. Pure THF spectra of polycrystalline THF were obtained after a small amount of sample was sealed in a glass tube and mounted in the sample chamber of the cryostat. In Figure 1, an overview of Raman spectra of THF in liquid (295 K, 150 K) and crystal phases (120 K, 10 K) is given. In Figure 2, the high wavenumber regions (2400–3100 cm⁻¹) of the spectra are compared for matrix isolated, liquid and crystalline THF, while the middle parts of the same spectra are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

3. Computational Details

Normal modes of tetahydrofuran in C₂ and C_s conformation (Figure 5) were calculated using Gaussian09 [26] at the b3lyp/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. All frequencies turned out positive. The difference in the ground state energies of the two conformers was only 5.7·10⁻⁵ Ha, or 0.46 meV. The C₂ conformer was found to have lower energy.

4. Results and Discussion

Comparing the Raman spectra of matrix isolated THF with those of liquid (Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 and Figure 6), one observes the better resolving of vibrational transitions, especially in the 1100–1500 cm⁻¹ interval (Figure 3). Four normal modes have their corresponding transitions at 1492, 1487, 1466, and 1452 cm⁻¹, while the 1506 cm⁻¹ band was assigned as the combination ν₁₅ + ν₁₆ (Table 1). Whereas in the liquid, a few broad bands can be identified between 1100 and 1300 cm⁻¹, in the matrix one observes bands at 1371, 1343, 1317, and 1296 cm⁻¹, which are assigned as ν₇, ν₂₄, ν₈, and ν₂₅ of the twisted conformer, C₂. The band at 1287 cm⁻¹ is assigned as ν₂₅ of the THF molecule at the second matrix site. Bands at 1179, 1227 and 1253 cm⁻¹ observed in Raman spectrum of liquid have their counterparts in 1176, 1239 and 1246 cm⁻¹ bands observed for matrix isolated THF (Figure 3). The strongest band in liquid is observed at 914 cm⁻¹, while in the matrix isolated THF there are bands at 872, 894, 906, 925, and 961 cm⁻¹ (Figure 4, Table 1). Stocka et al. assigned the bands at 1013.9 and 1079.1 cm⁻¹ to C_s conformers, and these bands had their intensity diminished after annealing [22]. We observed a weak band at 1066 cm⁻¹ and assigned it to ν₂₈ of the C₂ conformer.

The bands in spectrum of polycrystalline THF are much narrower, showing splitting due to molecular packing in the unit cell. The crystal structure of tetrahydrofuran was solved by Luger and Buschmann [17]. THF crystallizes in the C2/c space group, having Z = 4, and unit cell dimensions equal to a = 607.6(9) pm, b = 891.4(9) pm, c = 774.3(11) pm and β = 106.11(12)⁰ (see Figure 7). Each THF molecule in the crystal lies on a C₂ axes and has a C₂ symmetry, with a twisted conformation. Later, David and Ibberson performed reinvestigations of the THF crystal structure using neutron scattering, and showed that the THF crystal remains stable down to 5 K [18]. Our assignment of Raman modes follows the procedure of Berenblut et al. on the C2/c structure of gypsum [27], where two molecules make a motif and Z = 2. The total number of degrees of freedom is 156, and if one removes three acoustical degrees of freedom (their symmetry is ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{u}} \oplus 2{\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{u}}$), there are 153 vibrations left.

The resulting decomposition of the reducible representation of THF phonons without acoustic modes is

${\Gamma }_{vib}=38 {\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{g}} \oplus 40 {\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{g}} \oplus 37 {\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{u}} \oplus 38{\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{u}}$

This result was derived from characters of a reducible representation, which is stated in the following. The only atoms that are placed on a symmetry element are oxygen atoms (four of them are on a proper C₂ axes in a unit cell), giving the characters of the following reducible representation: χ(E) =156, χ(C₂) = − 4, χ(i) = 0, χ(σ)= 0.

Of these modes, there are twelve vibrational and nine translational modes expected below 250 cm⁻¹. Usually called external phonons, their symmetry is found via correlation tables to be

${\Gamma }_{ext}=4 {\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{g}} \oplus 8 {\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{g}} \oplus 3 {\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{u}} \oplus 6 {\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{u}}$

The two lowest internal modes, restricted puckering motion and radial mode, are observed at 245 and 299 cm⁻¹ at 10 K (Table 1, Figure 6).

Of particular interest to us is the low-frequency part of the THF Raman spectra; for the polycrystalline solid, lattice modes usually appear below 200 cm⁻¹, while in the spectra of liquid and matrix isolated THF, a Rayleigh wing starts gaining in intensity (see Figure 6). Both in the spectrum of liquid and in the spectrum of matrix isolated THF, there is a single weak and broad line at 283 cm⁻¹, but in the spectrum of polycrystalline THF at 10 K, there are two medium weak bands, appearing at 245 and 299 cm⁻¹ (Figure 8), in accordance with the work of Aleksanyan and Antipov [19] who observed them at 249 and 303 cm⁻¹ at 20 K. The assignments provided by Cadioli et al. [20], which we verified by repeating the calculation of normal modes of twisted THF using Gaussian09 [26] at the b3lyp/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, are shown in Table 1. Previous studies on the structure of the free THF molecule claim that either the C_s (envelope) [5,10] or the C₂ (twisted) form is the most stable conformation [4,11,20]. The matrix isolation technique enables one to observe THF vibrational transitions in the environment more closely resembling that of a gas than that of a liquid, providing better resolution of the observed bands. In particular, while calculation predicts two bands at 581 and 672 cm⁻¹ for C₂ conformer, for the C_s conformer, the corresponding modes are predicted at 645 and 651 cm⁻¹. The observed bands in the Raman spectrum of matrix isolated THF are at 577 and 662 cm⁻¹ (Table 1, Figure 6). Stocka et al. presented FTIR matrix isolated spectra of THF in the 600–3025 cm⁻¹ interval, and did not report any bands below 600 cm⁻¹ [22]. Instead, they followed the behavior of the 1073.1 and 898.9 cm⁻¹ bands on annealing, and concluded that both conformers are present in their matrix. Comparing the Raman spectra of matrix isolated THF with those of crystals (Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4), one finds a close resemblance of band positions and intensities, confirming our conclusion that only C₂ is present in the matrix.

In the majority of organic compounds, vibrational bands observed in liquid usually split into several new bands, reflecting the strength of the intermolecular interactions experienced in solid. The difference in wavenumbers observed between new split bands is called crystal splitting, and can range from a few cm⁻¹ to several tens of wavenumbers, depending on the type of molecular motion from which the band originates. In tetrahydrofuran crystals, Raman bands at 586 and 667 cm⁻¹ are narrow compared to 244 and 299 cm⁻¹ bands (Figure 8). While the 586 cm⁻¹ band corresponds to C-O-C bending coupled to CH₂ rocking, the 667 cm⁻¹ is predominantly C-O-C bending vibration. No crystal splitting A_g/B_g is observed for these two bands in crystal; therefore, we do not think it likely that 245 and 299 cm⁻¹ bands are the A_g and B_g components of the radial mode observed at 283 cm⁻¹ in liquid and in the matrix. The normal mode of C₂ THF having the lowest wavenumber is calculated to lie at 42 cm⁻¹, while the following higher mode (referred to as the “radial“mode [12]) is at 251 cm⁻¹. While the value obtained for the radial mode is closer to the 299 cm⁻¹ band observed in crystal (Figure 6), the band at 244 cm⁻¹, which we assign to the quasi pseudorotational motion of THF in solid, is at much higher wavenumbers than calculated in the harmonic approximation for the twisted conformer in the free state.

Temperature dynamics of large amplitude motions can provide insights into molecular dynamics. For example, the internal rotation of methyl group in toluene and nitromethane was studied in detail by Cavagnat et al. [29]. The 0A → 1A and 0E → 1E transitions of internal rotation in CH₃NO₂ that are observed in low-temperature Raman spectra show a weakening of intensity on heating, and merge into a single band at 50 K [29]. Another small carbon ring compound, cyclobutane, has two solid phases: a plastic crystalline phase I just below the melting point, which occurs at 182 K, and crystal phase II, into which phase I transforms below 145 K [30]. Durig et al. recorded low-temperature Raman spectra of cyclobutane, and discovered that the puckering mode, which is observed as a strong band at 257 cm⁻¹ at 10 K, gradually loses its intensity and practically vanishes in the vicinity of transition into orientationally disordered phase I [31]. The same behavior is observed for the 244 cm⁻¹ tetrahydrofuran band (Figure 6), confirming the work of Aleksanyan and Antipov [19].

Small globular molecules tend to form plastic crystals, structures in which molecules have their centres of mass ordered on lattice points, but having orientational disorder to a certain degree [32]. Often, the fast-cooling of a plastically crystalline state produces a glassy crystal, which has its positional order preserved but orientational order frozen. Angell et al. proposed a guideline by which one can estimate whether a compound is prone to form a glassy crystal: if the ratio of the temperature of the boiling point T_b to temperature T_m of melting T_b/T_m is greater than 2, a compound may form a glassy crystal [33]. For tetrahydrofuran, T_b is 339 K [34], and the melting point as determined by Lebedev et al. is T_m = (164.9 ± 0.2) K, which gives us T_b/T_m of 2.055 [35]. One may thus question the possibility of the existence of a glassy state in THF—such a type was predicted by the molecular dynamics simulation method employed by Rong-Ri et al. [36], but ruled out after several attempts to achieve a vitrification in THF proved unsuccessful [35]. Cosidering that such a phase was found by Raman spectroscopy to exist in nitromethane in a very narrow temperature interval [37] and was not detected by the classical measurement of heat capacity [38], there is a possibility that tetrahydrofuran possesses such a phase as well.

5. Conclusions

Low-temperature Raman spectroscopy was applied to study the dynamics of tetrahydrofuran in the polycrystalline phase, and as a matrix isolated compound in air. The Raman spectrum of tetrahydrofuran isolated in air matrix was recorded for the first time, showing a better resolution of bands than is found in liquid. The width of bands observed in the spectrum of THF in air matrix, together with the observed low-frequency 283 cm⁻¹ band, suggests that THF molecules undergo free pseudorotational motion, which is hindered in crystal. The temperature dependence of the 244 cm⁻¹ band observed at 10 K in the spectrum of crystalline THF shows a progressive diminishing of its intensity towards melting point. This band was assigned as the hindered pseudorotational mode of the C₂ conformer present in the crystal.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interests.

Footnotes

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Figures and Table

Figure 1. Raman spectra of THF in liquid (295 K, 150 K) and crystal phases (120 K, 10 K) from 10 to 1600 cm−1 (solid) and 50 to 1600 cm−1 (liquid). The spectra of liquids do not show the top of the very strong band at 914 cm−1 in order to provide a better view of weaker bands (see Figure 4).

Figure 2. Raman spectra of THF in matrix (10 K), liquid (295 K) and crystal phases (10 K) from 2400 to 3100 cm−1.

Figure 3. Raman spectra of THF in matrix (10 K), liquid (295 K) and crystal phases (10 K) from 1000 to 1700 cm−1.

Figure 4. Raman spectra of THF in matrix (10 K), liquid (295 K) and crystal phases (10 K) from 580 to 1300 cm−1.

Figure 5. Optimized geometrical structures of the most stable C2 conformer and the Cs conformer. Oxygen atom is shown in red.

Figure 6. Raman spectra of THF in matrix (10 K) and liquid (295 K) from 50 to 700 cm−1 compared to Raman spectrum of polycrystalline THF at 10 K from 10 to 700 cm−1.

Figure 7. Crystal packing of tetrahydrofuran in the C2/c space group. Image prepared with the Mercury program [28]. Violet lines correspond to glide planes, green lines to screw axis and proper C2 axes and yellow dots to centres of inversion. Oxygen atoms are on proper C2 axes.

Figure 8. Temperature dependence of low-frequency Raman spectra of polycrystalline THF obtained at 120 K, 110 K, 90 K, 80 K and 10 K from 10–600 cm−1.

Table 1

Observed bands in Raman spectra of tetrahydrofuran in matrix (10 K), crystal (10 K) and liquid (295 K). The assignment of fundamentals is taken from Cadioli et al. [20].

	Observed Bands in Raman Spectra of Tetrahydrofuran
Matrix Isolated 10 K	AssignmentC2 Conformer	Crystal 10 KC2 Conformer	Liquid 295 K	Assignmentfrom [20]
		3019 w
		3003 mw, sh
		2992 s	2988 s, sh, br	2 ν5
2984 s, br	ν1	2983 m
		2972 mw, sh
			2964 s, br	ν1
2947 s, br	ν2	2951 ms
		2943 m	2943 s, br	ν2
2935 ms, br	ν3	2935 m, sh
		2924 ms, sh
			2915 s, br	ν3
2881 s, br	ν4	2880 m	2878 s	ν4
		2860 vvs	2864 s, sh
2729 w	ν22 + ν26	2732 m	2721 mw	ν22 + ν26
2676 w	ν5 + ν10	2676 w	2661 w	ν5 + ν10
2328 vs. N2
1553 s, O2
1506 mw	ν15 + ν16	1511 m
1492 m	ν5	1496 m
1487 m, sh	ν22	1487 w	1489 m, br	ν5
		1474 ms	1475 m, br, sh	ν22
1466 m	ν6	1466 ms
1452 m	ν23	1453 vw	1451 m, br	ν23
1371 w	ν7	1375 mw	1367 w	ν7
1343 w	ν24	1344 m	1337 w	ν24
1317 vw	ν8	1315 w
1296 w	ν25	1304 w
1287 w, sh	ν25 second site		1288 mw, vbr, sh	ν25
1246 m	ν26	1254 ms	1253 m, vbr, sh	ν26
1239 m, sh	ν9	1244 ms
1214 vw	ν9 second site		1227 m	ν9
		1190 m
		1181 w	1179 w, br	ν10
1176 w	ν10	1173 w
1147 w	ν11	1145 m	1140 w, sh	ν11
1066 w	ν28	1058 m	1072 mw	ν28
1030 m	ν12	1040 s	1030 m, br	ν12
961 w	ν29	961 mw	949 w, sh	ν29
925 s	ν13	929 vs
		920 w
906 m	ν30	910 w	914 vs	ν13
894 m	ν14	883 vs	902 s, sh	ν30
872 w	ν31	878 m, sh
		868 m
		848 m	844 w, sh	ν15
838 w	ν15	841 m
662 w	ν16	667 m	654 w, br	ν16
577 w	ν32	586 m	598 w, br	ν32
		299 mw, br		ν17 radial mode
283 vw, br	ν17		284 w	ν17 radial mode
		245 mw, asym, br		ν33quasi pseudorotationalmode
		136 mw		lattice mode
		125 m		lattice mode
		108 m		lattice mode
		94 w		lattice mode
		80 mw		lattice mode
		69 mw		lattice mode
		24 w		lattice mode

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