1. Introduction
Glioblastoma is a primary malignant brain tumor. It is aggressive with a high degree of malignancy and unfavorable prognosis, and it is also the most common type of malignant brain tumor. This tumor of the central nervous system can be in the brain, cerebellum, brainstem, or spinal cord. It originates from glial cells, specifically the astrocyte. Based on their histological characteristics, astrocytomas are classified into grades ranging from I to IV. Grade IV corresponds to glioblastomas multiforme (GBM), which is the most unfavorable grade with a mean survival of 12–16 months even with treatment. Even with great advances in the pathogenesis and molecular biology of this tumor, it continues to have a poor prognosis once diagnosed.
According to the literature, the prevalence of GBM ranges from 0.59 to 5 per 100,000 inhabitants, being slightly higher for males and increasing in older patients. This disease is increasing in several countries, which may be attributed to various factors such as aging populations, air pollution, and technological advances associated with the use of more precise neurological examinations. However, the latter may lead to overdiagnosis of this pathology [1,2,3,4,5].
Depending on the mutation in the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), a mutation that consists of a state of hypermethylation, astrocytoma can continue with a less aggressive or more aggressive clinical course, the latter being associated with wild-type IDH and linked to a primary tumor. Its progression has been described, with the presence of astrocyte-like stem cells in the astrocytic ribbon found in the frontal and temporal lobes close to the subventricular zone [4,6,7,8,9].
The objective of this review was to assess the location of GBM in the brain in terms of lobes, area, and hemisphere, and how it is related to specific clinical behaviors according to its location.
2. Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [9]. The registration number in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) is CRD42022224066.
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
Studies on the presence of GBM in different encephalic regions and its association with any clinical condition were considered eligible for inclusion if the following criteria were fulfilled: (1) population: sample of dissections or images of the presence of GBM; (2) outcomes: GBM presence, variants, and their correlation with symptomatology of the brain and other encephalic structures. Additionally, anatomical variants were classified and described based on normal anatomy and classifications and description proposed in the literature; (3) studies: this systematic review included research articles, research reports, and original research published in English in peer-reviewed journals and indexed in any of the databases reviewed. Conversely, the exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) population: animal studies; (2) studies that performed analysis of other involucred structures and pathologies outside the encephalic region; (3) studies: letters to the editor or comments.
2.3. Electronic Search
We systematically searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Scopus, from inception until January 2024. The search strategy included a combination of the following terms: “glioblastoma” (mesh), “encephalic glioblastoma” (no mesh), “brain lobe” (no mesh), and “clinical anatomy” (no mesh) using the Boolean connectors AND, OR, and NOT. The search strategies for each database are available in the Table 1.
2.4. Study Selection
Two authors (LM and VS) independently screened the titles and abstracts of references retrieved from the searches. We obtained the full text for references that either author considered to be potentially relevant. We involved a third reviewer (DM) if consensus could not be reached.
2.5. Data Collection Process
Two authors (JS and MO) independently extracted data on the outcomes of each study. The following data were extracted from the original reports: (i) authors and year of publication, (ii) type of study and subject numbers, (iii) incidence and anatomical location of GBM, (iv) statistical data, (v) geographical location, (vi) laterality, (vii) gender, (viii) relevant clinical considerations.
2.6. Assessment of the Methodological Quality of the Included Studies
The quality assessment was performed using the methodological quality assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA) proposed by the International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group (IEBA) [131,132,133]. Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by two reviewers (JJV and PN). We involved a third reviewer (JSG) if consensus could not be reached. The agreement rate between the reviewers was calculated using kappa statistics.
2.7. Statistical Methods
Regarding the statistical analysis, we calculated the mean and standard deviation of the subjects with GBM, grouped according to hemisphere and lobes. Then we collected the data and entered them into Excel software (v.12.1.3) for better tabulation. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed using the Student’s t-test to evaluate whether the population was normally distributed. This method is suitable for small groups, as in our research, and was carried out to assess the predominance of hemispheres and the predominance between the appearance of GBM in the frontal lobe and in the temporal lobe.
3. Results
In this review, 121 studies were included with a sample size of 6224 patients with glioblastoma, of which 64 studies corresponding to 52.89% of the total were retrospective studies [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73], 27 (22.31%) prospective studies [74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100], 24 (19.83%) case reports [101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124], 3 (2.48%) cadaveric studies [125,126,127], 2 (1.65%) cross-sectional studies [128,129], and finally, only 1 (0.83%) study that presented a case report along with a literature review [130]. The samples included in the studies were distributed across all continents with the exception of Africa; the Asian continent was represented by a total of 56 studies corresponding to 46.28% of the total studies and a sample of 2801 corresponding to 45.00% of the total patients [10,12,16,17,19,20,21,24,27,30,31,32,35,36,39,40,41,42,43,44,46,49,51,53,59,65,66,67,68,69,71,73,75,76,77,83,86,87,88,91,93,94,97,99,101,103,105,107,109,111,116,119,120,122,124], the European continent accounted for a total of 34 (28.10%) studies and 1281 (20.58%) patients [15,18,28,29,45,47,48,50,57,61,63,70,72,74,78,79,80,81,82,84,85,89,90,95,96,102,104,112,113,117,123,125,130]; North America contributed 28 (23.14%) studies and 2030 (32.62%) patients [11,13,22,23,33,34,37,52,54,55,56,58,60,64,87,92,98,100,106,108,110,114,115,118,126,127,128,129]; and South America provided only 3 (2.48%) studies and a total of 112 (1.89%) patients [14,38,121]. With respect to sex, 104 studies detailed the sex of patients with glioblastoma and 17 studies only mentioned the total number of patients without differentiating them by sex and/or differentiating some only some or a few specific cases from the total presented [13,15,25,34,39,41,45,50,53,64,66,68,74,84,86,88,112]. Therefore, 1949 patients were counted for the female sex, corresponding to 31.31% of the total, and2873 patients were counted for the male sex, corresponding to 46.16% of the total. In the same way, the number of patients who were not differentiated by sex was counted, obtaining 1402 undetermined patients, corresponding to 22.53% of the total (Figure 1).
3.1. Statistical Results
Reviewing the articles consulted, a total of 1768 cases were reported, with a mean of 33.36 and a standard deviation of 58.00, for those who presented glioblastoma in the right hemisphere of the brain, while for the left hemisphere, there were 1664 cases, with a mean of 34.70 and a standard deviation of 65.07. It is worth mentioning that the table refers to certain cases where the number of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma did not coincide with the data on the number of hemispheres affected, due to the following possible reasons: the articles considered patients who did not present glioblastoma, they did not detail all patients with glioblastoma, laterality was not specified, or the classification was imprecise [13,15,17,26,32,37,64,66,74,83,125,130] (Table 2 and Table 3).
For the statistical values found between the differences in the presence of GBM in the right hemisphere (HR) and the left hemisphere (HL), we employed the Shapiro–Wilk test to examine the normal distribution of GBM presence in each hemisphere. The test gave a p-value of <0.001, indicating a statistically significant difference between the means of the samples included for the analysis. It is important to note that this refers only to the sample means and not to the presence of GBM itself. For the statistical difference of means between the presence of GBM between hemispheres, the scores for the HR were a mean of 35.5 and a SD of 68.9, which were higher than those for HL, which were a mean of 22.6 and a SD of 37.0. Although the presence of GBM in the HR was higher, the Student’s t-test showed that there was no statistically significant difference for the presence of GBM in the interhemispheric comparison p = 0.352.
The total number of cases reported as affected for the following brain regions were as follows: frontal lobe in 1812 cases, with a mean of 23.23 and a standard deviation of 40.03; parietal lobe in 874 cases, with a mean of 14.81 and a standard deviation of 28.56; temporal lobe in 1609 cases, with a mean of 22.04 and a standard deviation of 43.50; occipital lobe in 388 cases, with a mean of 8.62 and a standard deviation of 17.52; insula in 101 cases, with a mean of 9.18 and a standard deviation of 14.86; diencephalon in 46 cases, with a mean of 3.06 and a standard deviation of 2.69; brainstem in 21 cases, with a mean of 1.62 and a standard deviation of 1.12; cerebellum in 38 cases, with a mean of 2.71 and a standard deviation of 2.58; and other structures in 1275 cases, with a mean of 21.61 and a standard deviation of 37.25. However, differences were observed between the number of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma and the number of regions affected by the tumor, which may be due to any of the following reasons: locations of patients with different types of gliomas were reported without making a difference; of those who presented glioblastoma, it was detailed or assumed that patients manifested more than one affected area; or not all of the regions involved were reported [13,15,17,26,32,37,64,66,74,83,125,130] (Table 4) and Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Regarding the statistical values found between the differences in the presence of GBM in different lobes, we considered only the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe for the analysis since in our study, these two were the lobes with the highest proportions of cases. It was more correct to analyze them according to the number of appearances in the population of each study. In relation to the above, for the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe, we used the data to calculate the normal distribution between the presence of GBM in the frontal lobe and GBM in the parietal lobe. The result was <0.180, showing that there was no statistically significant difference between the means of the samples included for the analysis. For the statistical difference of means between the presence of GBM between frontal and parietal lobes, where the values obtained for the frontal lobe were a mean of 23.0 and an SD of 23.3, which were lower than those of the temporal lobe, which were a mean of 27.5 and an SD of 24.8, although the presence of GBM in the temporal lobe was greater, the Student’s t-test result of 0.178 showed no statistically significant difference for the presence of GBM between lobes.
3.2. Risk of Bias of Included Studies
In total, 123 articles were evaluated with the AQUA Checklist to analyze the risk of bias in five domains. For the first domain, which covers the description of the objectives and characteristics of the study, all studies presented a low risk of bias. The second domain is the correct reporting of the study design; 120 studies presented a low risk of bias in this domain, and 3 presented a high risk since they did not clearly report the design of their studies [12,29,42]. For the third domain, which analyzes the study’s methodological characteristics, 119 studies presented a low risk of bias, while 4 presented a high risk since their methodology was unclear [29,39,67,69]. The fourth domain is the correct description of anatomy; 116 studies presented a low risk of bias in this domain, while 7 studies presented a higher risk since they did not include an anatomical description of the variant but instead merely named it [15,19,31,37,47,69,73]. In the final domain, which involves reporting results, 110 studies presented a low risk of bias, and 13 studies presented a high risk of bias since their results were presented diffusely in tables or in discussion sections [17,20,22,23,24,37,40,52,54,58,69,71,75] (Figure 4).
3.3. Clinical Implications
The clinical implications associated with the anatomical location of glioblastoma were analyzed in different articles, with a total of 107 articles in which a relationship was not made between the region of glioblastoma and a clinical implication [10,11,13,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,70,71,72,73,74,75,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,104,105,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130]. Regarding tumor location being considered an important factor, it has been suggested that depending on the specific area affected, the tumor’s aggression and its impact on patient survival can be understood. Furthermore, it is considered that the most frequently involved areas are the frontal and temporal lobes, both of which have different clinical properties. In the review of the articles, it was found that among patients diagnosed with glioblastoma, those who were advanced in age had a greater likelihood of the affected area(s) being the bilateral temporal lobe, while in young patients, the tumor was predominantly located in the left lower frontal region [14,23,42,69].
The possible locations of glioblastoma include the infratentorial region. These tumors are considered unusual, complex, and rare, due to the low life expectancy of patients who present them. In adults, the incidence is in the range of 1.2% of all patients with glioblastoma, however, in infants, the infratentorial location is predominant. This type of glioblastoma can be difficult to diagnose and even misleading due to nonspecific symptoms and radiological characteristics. Nevertheless, a common clinical characteristic described is a rapid deterioration of ataxia and dysmetria, and likewise, compression of segments of the spinal cord can lead to lower extremity movement disorders, pain, and abnormal urination. It is worth mentioning that based on what was described by Stark [15], it is considered that from a pathological point of view, infratentorial glioblastoma has similar behavior to the supratentorial type [15,16,17,101,103].
Regarding the symptoms and signs reported in the review, an apparent relationship can be established between glioblastoma located in the frontal lobe and mood symptoms; however, it is considered not significant. On the other hand, it has been described that the spinal metastatic dissemination of intracranial glioblastoma, which is usually simultaneous or sequential to the progression of the latter, does not present symptoms in most patients or these are of late onset. Moreover, these symptoms are often masked by intracranial progression of the tumor, which leads to motor disorders and sensory anomalies. Another observation made is regarding the location in the pineal region, which in addition to being considered very rare and with an unfavorable prognosis, is associated with a high frequency of hydrocephalus and Parinaud syndrome [17,102,106].
Finally, when comparing glioblastoma to other pathologies, primary brain lymphoma is mentioned, presenting important differences in terms of the anatomical location of the tumor. Regarding solitary brain metastases, there appears to be no difference between sex. However, patients with solitary brain metastases are older than those with glioblastoma [12,16,76,86].
4. Discussion
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the different locations of GBM and their association with various clinical considerations. For this purpose, a review of different studies related to the presence of glioblastoma was conducted, covering topics such as anatomical location, descriptions, characteristics, and prevalence within the different areas of the brain and spinal cord. Based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 121 articles were identified. The main finding of this review is that GBM can occur in various regions of the brain and depending on the location, it may present with varied symptomatology leading to diverse differential diagnoses.
In relation to previous review studies that have analyzed the anatomical location of glioblastoma, we did not find any that report the same relationship as presented in this meta-analysis. Therefore, this study represents a first-time effort in filtering and analyzing information on this manner, making it a novel and up-to-date study. However, when searching the databases with the search string “brain” OR “encephalic” location of glioblastoma, we found three studies that mentioned some type of information in their sections.
The study by Zarnet [134], which mentions among its results that one of the main locations of GBM is the premotor cortex but focuses mainly on treatment through radiotherapy, did not make a detailed study of the anatomy and location of the GBM, thus presenting very low similarity to our review. The study by Maslehaty [130], which showed as its main results that GBMs could be located not only in specific encephalic structures but also in leptomeninges, without specifying which of these meninges, and also proposed radiotherapy as the gold standard for possible treatment. Again, our review differs due to the characteristics previously mentioned. Lastly, the review by Corr [135] showed as its main results that there has been a lack of prospective studies analyzing the prognostic characteristics of glioblastoma together with its anatomical and radiological characteristics, which would eventually facilitate the early identification of glioblastoma recurrence, thus supporting a more personalized treatment and follow-up strategy. Although that study does not make the case specifically, it supports the findings of the current review and highlights the importance of specific knowledge and location of the GBM which can lead to better management and treatment of patients with this pathology.
The characteristics of the included studies were as follows. For this review, after applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 121 were included with a total sample of 6224 subjects with GBM. Regarding the geographical location, the distribution was primarily across the continents of Asia, Europe, and North America. Therefore, it cannot be inferred that the presence of GBM is associated with any geographic region or that it is linked to any ethnicity or race. Moreover, the gender distribution showed a higher occurrence in men than in women; however, the difference was not statistically significant, indicating that the presence of GBM cannot be associated with a specific sex. We believe all these characteristics should be validated and supported by further studies; although the sample of this review is representative, new studies could confirm or refute these exposed results. One of the strengths we believe this review contributes is the statistical report we present regarding the characteristics and location of GBM. Concerning the hemisphere where GBM was found, there were no differences between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. In the right hemisphere, the mean was 33.36 subjects, while for the left hemisphere, it was 34.7. Although the mean occurrence of interhemispheric GBM presence was higher in the right hemisphere, the Student’s t-test for GBM presence being greater in one hemisphere than the other showed no statistically significant difference, leading us to believe that there is no predisposition for the appearance of GBM in a hemisphere, independent of the subject’s motor dominance. Thus, our results reject the supposition that the appearance is associated with motor predominance. Regarding the location of GBM in relation to lobes, the main lobes where GBM was located were the frontal and temporal lobes.
Therefore, we performed statistical calculations comparing only these two lobes, understanding that if we compared them with other lobes, these two would always show a statistically higher presence of GBM. The comparison between the presence of GBM in the frontal and temporal lobes showed no statistically significant differences between the frontal and temporal lobe samples. In the comparison between its presence in one lobe over the other, GBM was more frequent in the temporal lobe, but the difference in its presence in this lobe compared with the frontal lobe was not statistically significant. Therefore, these data indicate that, while mainly located in these lobes, there was no result stating that GBM was specifically located more in one lobe than in the other. In the bias analysis of the included studies, the majority presented a moderate and low risk of bias, meaning the results can be correctly interpreted. However, caution is always advised since there were some domains that were not correctly met, which could alter the primary reported results to some extent.
Among our main objectives was to find evidence on the relationship between the region affected by glioblastoma and the clinical considerations it may entail. For this purpose, of the total sources consulted, 20 were used. However, we consider that the studies most relevant in support of our purpose were those that described the following: ataxia and dysmetria for infratentorial glioblastomas; the relationship between spinal segment disorders and disorders of lower limb movement, pain, and abnormal urination; a non-significant relationship between tumors in the frontal lobe and mood alteration; movement disorders and sensory anomalies with the progression of intracranial glioblastoma; and finally, hydrocephalus and Parinaud syndrome with glioblastoma in the pineal region.
In the analysis of the clinical considerations associated with infratentorial glioblastomas, such as those located in the cerebellum or spinal cord, we believe that the effects presented by patients with these conditions are due to alterations in the pathways that conduct sensorimotor information preventing, for example, adequate coordination of the lower extremities when walking, or simply their individual movement. Likewise, depending on the spinal segment that is affected by the glioblastoma, essentially the lumbar and/or sacral region, it could influence the innervation of the urinary system and, therefore, normal urination. We believe that intracranial progression can lead to such alterations because the brain regions responsible for developing and coordinating movements may be affected, along with areas for integration of sensory information. On the other hand, given the limited information known about the functioning of the pineal gland, we are unsure of its relationship with the conditions it generates when a tumor and/or glioblastoma develops in that location. Finally, regarding the relationship between the frontal lobe and mood, we consider that it should continue to be studied because, although the literature mentions that there is a relationship, it has been described as non-significant and, furthermore, no reference has been made to the limbic system, the main structure associated with the emotional state.
Although an assumption can be made about the explanation of the relationship between the anatomical region affected by glioblastoma and its clinical implications, we consider that it is important that future studies give it greater focus, to better understand the signs and symptoms that patients diagnosed with the pathology present or may present, with the aim of being able to provide adequate care and treatment and, at the same time, expanding knowledge in the area.
5. Limitations
This review was limited by the publication and authorship bias of the included studies. Firstly, studies with different results that were in non-indexed literature in the selected databases may have been excluded. Secondly, there may have been limitations in the sensitivity and specificity of the searches. Finally, the authors personally selected articles. All of this increases the probability of excluding potential cases from countries outside of Asia and North America that have not been reported in the scientific community.
6. Conclusions
The presence of a GBM will always be detrimental to the correct functioning of the brain structures. Knowledge of the specific location and area of the cortex that is affected by the GBM can teach us to better understand the clinical implications and avoid some types of differential diagnoses. This knowledge can help develop appropriate conservative or surgical treatment strategies for each patient. Future studies that can address the behavior of glial cells and the types of conditions that could contribute to the formation of GBM, with investigation of why this occurs more in some regions than in others, may be crucial.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
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Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author | Study Type and Number of Subjects. | Incidence and Anatomical Location of GB | Relevant Statistical Data | Geographic Location | Laterality | Sex of Patients with GBM | Relevant Clinical Considerations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hashiguchi 2022 | Retrospective study, | 51/51 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported. | 25 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Drabycz 2009 | Retrospective study, | 72/72 | p-value: 0.85 in relation to the grouping of the right and left sides or predominant lobe; | Canada | R. hemisphere: 34 | 24 female; | There was no association between the anatomical location or radial distribution of GBM and the MGMT promoter methylation status. |
| Ko 2016 | Retrospective study, | 104/126 | p-value: 0.02 in relation to the location of the tumor. | Taiwan | Laterality not reported | 46 female; | There were statistically significant differences in tumor location between GBM and primary brain lymphoma. |
| Abecassis 2020 | Retrospective study, | 31/100 | p-value: < 0.001 in relation to tumor location of patients with glioma, not specifically GBM. | USA | R. hemisphere: 20 | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Ferreira 2004 | Retrospective study, | 67/67 | Not specified | Brazil | Laterality not reported | 29 female; | Regarding their location, they were more frequent in the frontal and temporal lobes. In children, the most frequent location was infratentorial. |
| Stark 2010 | Retrospective study, | 7/7 | Not specified | Germany | L. hemisphere: 1; | 1 female; | The incidence of infratentorial glioblastomas (iGB) in adults is in the range of 1.2% of all GB patients. |
| Liu 2018 | Retrospective study, | 107/167 | p-value: <0.001 in relation to location in the basal ganglia and thalamus and cortex; | China | Laterality not reported | 34 female; | GBMs located in infratentorial regions or multiple lesions are rare. |
| Chen 2022 | Retrospective study, | 15/15 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 4 | 6 female; | Compression of the affected segments of the spinal cord results in dysfunction, often presenting as lower limb movement disorders, pain, and abnormal urination. |
| Jaskólski 2013 | Retrospective study, | 26/89 | Not specified | Poland | Laterality not reported | 12 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Kim 2019 | Retrospective study, | 83/83 | p-value: 0.19 in relation to the tumor location. | South Korea | Laterality not reported | 37 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Hatakeyama 2021 | Retrospective study, | 55/75 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | 22 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Yamashita 2019 | Retrospective study, | 112/112 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | 56 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Kuroiwa 1995 | Retrospective study, | 9/9 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Awad 2017 | Retrospective study, | 330/330 | Univariate p-value: 0.32 in relation to frontal location; | USA | R. hemisphere: 168 | 130 female; | It was suggested that specific tumor locations may play a significant role in better understanding the aggressive nature of GBM and how it impacts patient survival. |
| Quan 2023 | Retrospective study, | 110/110 | p-value: 0.204 in relation to the location, or not, of the tumor in the frontal lobe. | China | Laterality not reported | 49 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Onuma 2013 | Retrospective study, | 33/33 | p-value: 0.157 in relation to the location, or not, of the tumor in the frontal lobe. | Japan | Laterality not reported | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Cui 2021 | Retrospective study, | 77/77 | p-value: 0.121 in relation to location in the frontal lobe; | China | Unilateral: 41 | 44 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Chen 2023 | Retrospective study, | 20/42 | Not specified | China | Laterality not reported | 8 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Wach 2020 | Retrospective study, | 198/198 | p-value: 0.398 in relation to the location in the right hemisphere. | Germany | R. hemisphere: 111 | 80 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Steidl 2023 | Retrospective study, | 65/65 | Not specified | Germany | R. hemisphere: 36 | 17 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Park 2017 | Retrospective study, | 108/108 | p-value: 0.955 in relation to the location of GBM in other areas. | South Korea | Laterality not reported | 54 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Ideguchi 2015 | Retrospective study, | 5/5 | Not specified | Japan | R. hemisphere: 3 | 4 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Wang 2018 | Retrospective study, | 19/34 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 6 | 4 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Muller 2019 | Retrospective study, | 275/275 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 141 | 105 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Thomas 2016 | Retrospective study, | 21/21 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Koike 2022 | Retrospective study, | 11/22 | p-value: 0.279 | Japan | Laterality not reported | 5 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Xing 2018 | Retrospective study, | 75/75 | p-value: 0.002 | China | Laterality not reported | 34 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Smedley 2018 | Retrospective study, | 304/304 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 162 | 116 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Miquelini 2016 | Retrospective study, | 42/84 | p-value: 0.007 in relation to infratentorial location; | Argentina | Laterality not reported | 19 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical |
| Han 2018 | Retrospective study, | 92/92 | p-value: 0.72 in relation to presence in the left hemisphere. | China | R. hemisphere: 39 | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Mathew 2018 | Retrospective study, | 47/47 | Not specified | India | Laterality not reported | 14 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Jiang 2017 | Retrospective study, | 10/10 | Not specified | China | Laterality not reported | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Li 2018 | Retrospective study, | 406/406 | p-value: 0.879 in relation to the hemispheres. | China | R. hemisphere: 179 | 195 female; | The results demonstrated that tumor location was an important factor, and glioblastomas in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe had different clinical properties. |
| Utsuki 2005 | Retrospective study, | 37/37 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | 18 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Fan 2017 | Retrospective study, | 133/133 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 56 | 51 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Hart 2016 [ | Retrospective study, | 5/5 | Not specified | UK | R. hemisphere: 5 | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Wang 2014 | Retrospective study, | 153/153 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 73 | 56 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Smets 2013 | Retrospective study, | 24/24 | Not specified | Belgium | R. hemisphere: 15 | 11 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Eoli 2007 | Retrospective study, | 86/86 | p-value: 0.005 in relation to the frontal lobe and temporal lobe. | Italy | Laterality not reported | 21 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| sugimoto 2015 | Retrospective study, | 4/4 | Not specified | japan | R. hemisphere: 0 | 4 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| seidel 2011 | Retrospective study, | 122/122 | Not specified | Germany | Laterality not reported | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Cho 2018 | Retrospective study, | 60/60 | Not specified | South Korea | Laterality not reported | 25 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Olar 2012 | Retrospective study, | 4/9 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 1 | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| woo 2019 | Retrospective study, | 147/147 | Not specified | China | Laterality not reported | Not specified | Although total resection was an independent factor for survival, it could not be achieved in the majority |
| Ali 2014 | Retrospective study, | 9/9 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 7 | 5 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Mohan 2019 | Retrospective study, 65 patients | 48/65 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 18 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Mangla 2010 | Retrospective study, | 36/36 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 12 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Adeberg 2014 | Retrospective study, | 100/100 | Not specified | Germany | R. hemisphere: 40 | 41 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| wright 2016 | Retrospective study, | 8/10 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 4 | 5 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| shibahara 2019 | Retrospective study, | 87/87 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | 26 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| tykocinski 2012 | Retrospective study, | 132/132 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 61 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Kanas 2017 | Retrospective study, | 86/86 | Not specified | France | R. hemisphere: 47 | 27 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| reimer 2017 | Retrospective study, | 35/35 | Not specified | Germany | Laterality not reported | 9 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Jiguet-Jiglaire 2022 | Retrospective study, | 38/38 | Not specified | France | Laterality not reported | 27 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Senders 2020 | Retrospective study, | 562/562 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 302 | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Zhang 2021 | Retrospective study, | 60/60 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 33 | 26 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Liu 2023 | Retrospective study, | 76/118 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 35 | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| cohen 2000 | Retrospective study, | 1/7 | Not specified | Israel | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| nishio 1997 | Retrospective study, | 4/20 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| wang 2015 | Retrospective study, | 200/400 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 87 | 71 female; | In the GBM cohort, the brain region (Cluster 3) associated with advanced age at tumor diagnosis was mainly located in the bilateral temporal lobe, particularly at the posterior region of the subventricular zone (SVZ). Meanwhile, the brain region associated with younger age at tumor diagnosis was preferentially located in the left inferior frontal region. |
| simonet-redondo 2012 | Retrospective study, | 5/6 | Not specified | Spain | R. hemisphere: 37 | 2 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| sunwoo 2015 | Retrospective study, | 20/72 | Not specified | South Korea | Laterality not reported | 9 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| friese 2000 | Retrospective study, | 1/59 | Not specified | Germany | Midline: 1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| okamoto 2002 | Retrospective study, | 2/5 | Not specified | Japan | R. hemisphere: 1 | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Stummer 2008 | Prospective study, | 221/243 | p-value 0.4734 | Germany | R. hemisphere: 156 | 90 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Fudaba 2021 | Prospective study, | 35/35 | p-value: 0.739 in relation to the location in the hemisphere of the tumor. | Japan | R. hemisphere: 18. | 14 female; | The extension and tumor location on the hemispheric side were not identified as significant predictors of overall survival. However, patients with total or subtotal resection showed significantly better progression-free survival. |
| Wang 2019 | Prospective study, | 81/109 | Not specified | China | Laterality not reported | 39 female; | Differences in predilection sites were found between GBM and primary central neural system lymphoma. |
| Mizumoto 2016 | Prospective study, | 46/46 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | 22 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Isoardo 2012 | Prospective study, | 19/19 | Not specified | Italy | Laterality not reported | 6 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Stumpo 2021 | Prospective study, | 7/7 | Not specified | Switzerland | R. hemisphere: 2 | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Iliadis 2011 | Prospective study, | 65/65 | Not specified | Greece | R. hemisphere: 29 | 28 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Galldiks 2012 | Prospective study, | 25/25 | Not specified | Germany | Laterality not reported | 10 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Henker 2015 | Prospective study, | 20/20 | Not specified | Germany | R. hemisphere: 11 | 11 female; | PTE volume potentially represents infiltration into the |
| Najafi 2012 | Prospective study, | 12/12 | Not specified | Iran | R. hemisphere: 5 | 3 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Coburger 2015 | Prospective study, | 20/20 | Not specified | Germany | Laterality not reported | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Hakyemez 2004 | Prospective study, | 18/33 | Not specified | Turkey | Laterality not reported | 3 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Yu 2017 | Prospective study, | 43/88 | Not specified | China | Laterality not reported | 26 female; | There was no difference between sexes for GBM and SBM; however, patients with SBM were older than those with GBM. |
| Laule 2017 | Prospective study, | 1/3 | Not specified | Canada | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Makino 2011 | Prospective study, | 7/21 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | 8 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| schneider 2005 | Prospective study, | 31/31 | Not specified | Germany | R. hemisphere: 14 | 12 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| weber 1999 | Prospective study, | 10/10 | Not specified | Germany | R. hemisphere: 5 | 3 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Oriuchi 1996 | Prospective study, | 5/20 | Not specified | Japan | R. hemisphere: 2 | 5 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Anzai 1995 | Prospective study, | 1/12 | Not specified | USA | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Todo 2022 | Prospective study, | 19/19 | Not specified | Japan | R. hemisphere: 11 | 4 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Nakai 2004 | Prospective study, | 2/10 | Not specified | Japan | L. hemisphere: 2 | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Doknic 2020 | Prospective study, | 1/5 | Not specified | Serbia | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Verburg 2020 | Prospective study, | 12/20 | Not specified | Netherlands | R. hemisphere: 7 | 5 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Nishio 1998 | Prospective study, | 1/11 | Not specified | Japan | Laterality not reported | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| ballester 2017 | Prospective study, | 3/6 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 3 | 3 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| kim 2022 | Prospective study, | 8/13 | Not specified | South Korea | R. hemisphere: 5 | 5 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Prasanna 2019 | Prospective study, | 138/138 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 60 | 52 female; | MEDH in AAL regions due to the mass effect was associated with survival for right-hemispheric tumors. |
| Shen 2017 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | China | Laterality not reported | 1 female | Primary spinal GBM is a clinically rare entity that progresses rapidly with a dismal prognosis and short survival time. |
| Petzold 2018 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | Germany | L. hemisphere: 1. | 1 female | A supposed but not significant association was found between tumors located in the frontal lobe and mood-related symptoms. |
| Yan 2017 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | China | Laterality not reported | 1 male | Spinal GBM located in the conus medullaris is rare. |
| Faguer 2014 | Case report, | 4/4 | Not specified | France | R. hemisphere: 3 | 4 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Karthigeyan 2017 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | India | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Amini 2006 | Case report, | 3/3 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 1 female; | GBM of the pineal region is extremely rare and is associated with |
| Kajitani 2018 | Case report, | 3/3 | Not specified | Japan | R. hemisphere: 3 | 2 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Roemer 2011 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 1 | Female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Kiang 2021 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | China | L. hemisphere: 1 | Female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Boikov 2013 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 1 | Female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| takahashi 2013 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | Japan | L. hemisphere:1 | Male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Colombo 2015 [ | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | italy | R. hemisphere: 1 | Not specified | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Nestler 2007 | Case report, | 3/3 | Not specified | Germany | R. hemisphere: 0 | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Park 2022 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 1 | 1 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Gu 2011 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| soleman 2017 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | Israel | R. hemisphere: 1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Lrhezzioui 2007 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | France | R. hemisphere:1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| cohen-gadol 2004 | Case report, | 2/2 | Not specified | USA | R. hemisphere: 2 | 2 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Lam 2011 | Case report, | 1/2 | Not specified | Singapore | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| wu 2002 | Case report, | 1/1 | Not specified | China | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| franco 2000 | Case report, | 3/4 | Not specified | Brazil | R. hemisphere: 2 | 2 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Li 2015 | Case report, | 2/2 | Not specified | China | R. hemisphere: 1 | 2 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Dilber 2020 | Case report, | 1/2 | Not specified | Turkey | L. hemisphere: 1 | 1 male | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| ishikawa 2017 | Case report, | 5/15 | Not specified | Japan | R. hemisphere: 2 | 3 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Roetzer 2018 | Cadaveric study, | 3/3 | Not specified | Austria | R. hemisphere: 2 | 2 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Nguyen 2016 | Cadaveric study, | 6/6 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Schiff 1998 | Cadaveric study, | 1/3 | Not specified | USA | L. hemisphere | 1 female | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Ellingson 2011 | Transversal study, | 25/25 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 11 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Jallo 1997 | Transversal study, | 5/26 | Not specified | USA | Laterality not reported | 1 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
| Maslehaty 2011 | Case report and literature review | 20/20 | Not specified | Switzerland | L. hemisphere: 1 | 7 female; | The article did not establish a relationship between the region of the glioblastoma and clinical implications. |
Presence of glioblastoma in cerebral hemispheres.
| Author y N | Right Hemisphere | Left Hemisphere | Bilateral |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stummer | 156 | 87 | - |
| Drabycz | 34 | 38 | - |
| Fudaba | 18 | 17 | - |
| Abecassis | 20 | 30 | - |
| Stark | - | 1 | - |
| Petzold | - | 1 | - |
| Chen | 4 | 9 | - |
| Stumpo | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Awad | 168 | 139 | 23 |
| Cui | - | - | 36 |
| Wach | 111 | 87 | - |
| Steidl | 36 | 28 | 1 |
| Ideguchi | 3 | 2 | - |
| Wang | 6 | 6 | 1 |
| Faguer | 3 | 1 | - |
| Muller | 141 | 134 | - |
| Iliadis | 29 | 33 | 3 |
| Karthigeyan | - | 1 | - |
| Smedley | 162 | 149 | - |
| Han | 39 | 39 | 14. |
| Henker | 11 | 9 | - |
| Roetzer | 2 | - | - |
| Fan | 56 | 77 | - |
| Najafi | 5 | 6 | - |
| Wang | 73 | 80 | - |
| Smets | 15 | 9 | - |
| Kajitani | 3 | - | - |
| Roemer | 1 | - | |
| Kiang | - | 1 | - |
| Boikov | 1 | - | - |
| Sugimoto | - | 4 | - |
| Laule | - | 1 | - |
| Olar | 1 | 3 | - |
| Takahashi | - | 1 | - |
| Ali | 7 | 2 | - |
| Colombo | 1 | - | - |
| Nestler | - | 3 | - |
| Mohan | - | - | - |
| Schiff | - | 1 | - |
| Maslehaty | - | 1 | - |
| Park | 1 | - | - |
| Adaberg | 40 | 47 | 13 |
| Gu | 1 | - | - |
| Wright | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Schneider | 14 | 17 | - |
| Soleman | 1 | - | - |
| Irhezzioui | 1 | - | - |
| Cohen-gadol | 2 | - | - |
| Iam | - | 1 | - |
| Weber | 5 | 5 | - |
| Wu | - | 1 | - |
| Franco | 2 | - | 1 |
| Oriuchi | 2 | 3 | - |
| Kanas | 47 | 39 | - |
| Anzai | - | 1 | - |
| Li | 1 | 1 | - |
| Senders | 302 | 281 | - |
| Todo | 11 | 8 | 1 |
| Nakai | - | 2 | - |
| Zhang | 33 | 27 | - |
| Liu | 25 | 35 | 6 |
| Doknic | - | 1 | - |
| Dilber | - | 1 | - |
| Cohen | - | 1 | - |
| Verburg | 7 | 5 | - |
| Wang | 87 | 113 | - |
| Simonet Redondo | 3 | 2 | - |
| Friese | - | - | 1 (callosum body) |
| Okamoto | 1 | 1 | 1 (callosum body) |
| Nishio | - | - | 1 (cerebellum) |
| Ballester | 3 | - | - |
| Ishikawa | 2 | 3 | - |
| Kim | 5 | 2 | 1 (posterior fossa) |
| Prasanna | 60 | 78 | - |
Mean and standard deviation in the presence of glioblastoma per cerebral hemisphere.
| Hemisphere | Right Hemisphere | Left Hemisphere |
|---|---|---|
| Median | 33.36 | 34.70 |
| Standard deviation | 58.00 | 65.07 |
Presence of glioblastoma in cerebral lobes and brain regions.
| Author and Number of Patients | Frontal Lobe | Parietal Lobe | Temporal Lobe | Occipital Lobe | Insula | Diencephalom | Brain Stem | Cerebellum | Other Structures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hashiguchi | 15 | 8 | 16 | 3 | - | - | - | 2 | 7 |
| Drabycz | 19 | 17 | 32 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Chung Ko | 38 | 25 | 27 | 3 | - | 5 | 1 | - | 5 |
| Abecassis | 17 | 8 | 24 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Wang | 13 | 8 | 32 | 3 | 3 | 7 | - | - | 15 |
| Shen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Mizumoto | 23 | 3 | 16 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Isoardo | 9 | 5 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ferreira | 33 | 14 | 14 | 6 | - | - | 1 | - | 4 |
| Stark | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Liu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 153 |
| Petzold | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Chen | 5 | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Stumpo | 4 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Jaskólski | 11 | 6 | 7 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kim | - | - | 29 | - | - | - | - | - | 54 |
| Hatakeyama | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 54 |
| Yamashita | 36 | 25 | 21 | 3 | 7 | - | - | - | 20 |
| Kuroiwa | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 9 | - |
| Awad | 132 | 99 | 139 | 50 | - | - | 4 | 3 | 200 |
| Quan | 42 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 68 |
| Onuma | 17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16 |
| Cui | 44 | 11 | - | 11 | 22 | - | - | - | 77 |
| Steidl | 16 | 15 | 27 | 12 | 1 | 2 | - | - | 1 |
| Park | 45 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 63 |
| Yan | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ideguchi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Wang | 9 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 6 |
| Faguer | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Thomas | 6 | - | 1 | - | 4 | - | - | - | 10 |
| Iliadis | 17 | 20 | 20 | 3 | - | - | - | - | 8 |
| Galldiks | 9 | 8 | 7 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Koike | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 11 |
| Xing | 32 | 12 | 13 | 5 | 1 | - | - | - | 12 |
| Karthigeyan | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Smedley | 114 | 76 | 91 | 18 | - | 10 | - | 1 | - |
| Michelini | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 42 |
| Henker | 6 | 2 | 10 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Mathew | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 56 |
| Jiang | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 9 |
| Roetzer | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Yu li | 182 | - | 224 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Utsuki | 17 | 8 | 8 | 9 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Hart | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Najafi | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Smets | 5 | 12 | 8 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Amini | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | - | - | 1 |
| Kajitani | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Coburger | 10 | 3 | 5 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kiang | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Boikov | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Hakyemez | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Eoli | 36 | - | 35 | - | - | - | - | - | 15 |
| Yu | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 6 | 35 |
| Sugimoto | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Laule | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Makino | 1 | - | 3 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 2 |
| Seidel | 70 | 38 | 62 | 38 | 74 | ||||
| Cho | 33 | 21 | 34 | 4 | 8 | 5 | - | - | 24 |
| Olar | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Takahashi | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Woo | 46 | 34 | 47 | 5 | 3 | - | - | 6 | 6 |
| Nguyen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 |
| Ali | 6 | 2 | 4 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Colombo | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Nestler | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Mohan | 11 | 10 | 12 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mangla | 22 | - | 22 | - | - | - | - | - | 14 |
| Schiff | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Maslehaty | 7 | 9 | 14 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Park | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ellingson | 7 | 10 | 5 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Gu | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Wright | 5 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 2 |
| Schneider | 16 | 15 | 11 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Soleman | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Irhezzioui | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cohen-gadol | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Iam | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Weber | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Wu | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Franco | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Oriuchi | - | 3 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Shibahara | 28 | 15 | 30 | - | - | - | - | - | 14 |
| Tykocinski | 81 | 81 | 50 | 81 | 50 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Kanas | 25 | 17 | 38 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Anzai | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Reimer | 33 | 2 | 33 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Li | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Jiguet-Jiglaire | 17 | - | 15 | - | - | - | - | - | 23 |
| Senders | 235 | 175 | 250 | 73 | - | - | - | - | 59 |
| Todo | 11 | 3 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Nakai | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Zhang | 29 | 7 | 13 | 5 | - | - | - | - | 6 |
| Doknic | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Jallo | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dilber | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Cohen | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Nishio | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | - | - | - |
| Verburg | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Wang | 109 | - | 92 | - | - | - | - | - | 76 |
| Simonet Redondo | 2 | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Sunwoo | 11 | 7 | 7 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Friese | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Okamoto | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Nishio | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ballester | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ishikawa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kim | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 |
References
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Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma is a primary malignant brain tumor; it is aggressive with a high degree of malignancy and unfavorable prognosis and is the most common type of malignant brain tumor. Glioblastomas can be located in the brain, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord, originating from glial cells, particularly astrocytes. Methods: The databases MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and CINAHL were researched up to January 2024. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. Methodological quality was evaluated with an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). The statistical mean, standard deviation, and difference of means calculated with the Student’s t-test for presence between hemispheres and presence in the frontal and temporal lobes were analyzed. Results: A total of 123 studies met the established selection criteria, with a total of 6224 patients. In relation to the mean, GBM between hemispheres had a mean of 33.36 (SD 58.00) in the right hemisphere and a mean of 34.70 (SD 65.07) in the left hemisphere, due to the difference in averages between hemispheres. There were no statistically significant differences, p = 0.35. For the comparison between the presence of GBM in the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe, there was a mean in the frontal lobe of 23.23 (SD 40.03), while in the temporal lobe, the mean was 22.05 (SD 43.50), and for the difference in means between the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe, there was no statistically significant difference for the presence of GBM, p = 0.178. Conclusions: We believe that before a treatment, it will always be correct to know where the GBM is located and how it behaves clinically, in order to generate correct conservative or surgical treatment guidelines for each patient. We believe that more detailed studies are also needed to show why GBM is associated more with some regions than others, despite the brain structure being homologous to other regions in which GMB occurs less frequently, which is why knowing its predominant presence in brain regions is very important.
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Details
; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias 4 ; Nova-Baeza, Pablo 2
; Suazo-Santibáñez, Alejandra 5 ; Rodríguez-Luengo, Macarena 2
; Oyanedel-Amaro, Gustavo 6 ; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan 7
; Héctor Gutiérrez Espinoza 8
1 Departamento de Ciencias Química y Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
2 Departament de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
3 Departament de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
4 Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile;
5 Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile;
6 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
7 GIAVAL Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
8 One Health Research Group, Universidad de las Americas, Quito 170124, Ecuador