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Abstract
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) experience psychological distress associated with daily events that do not meet the threshold for traumatic experiences, referred to as event-related psychological distress (ERPD). Recently, we developed an assessment tool for ERPD, the ERPD-24. This tool considers four factors of ERPD: feelings of revenge, rumination, self-denial, and mental paralysis. We conducted a cross-sectional study between March 2021 and October 2022 to identify the differences and clinical features of ERPD among patients with MDD and BD and healthy subjects who did not experience traumatic events. Specifically, we assessed ERPD using the ERPD-24 and anxiety-related symptoms with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and anxious-depressive attack. Regarding the ERPD-24 scores among the groups, as the data did not rigorously follow the test of normality, the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the differences among the groups, followed by the Dunn–Bonferroni adjusted post-hoc test. Non-remitted MDD patients and BD patients, regardless of remission/non-remission, presented more severe ERPD than healthy subjects. This study also demonstrated the relationships between all anxiety-related symptoms, including social phobia and anxious-depressive attack and ERPD, in both BD and MDD patients and in healthy subjects. In conclusion, patients with non-remitted MDD and with BD regardless of remission/non-remission experience severe ERPD related to anxiety-related symptoms.
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1 Chiba University, Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.136304.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0370 1101); International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Narita, Japan (GRID:grid.411731.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0531 3030)
2 Chiba University, Division of Clinical Study on Juvenile Delinquency, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.136304.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0370 1101); Teikyo University, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Hachioji, Japan (GRID:grid.264706.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9239 9995)
3 Chiba University, Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.136304.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0370 1101); Chiba Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Funabashi, Japan (GRID:grid.474256.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1779 4505)
4 Chiba University, Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.136304.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0370 1101)
5 International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Narita, Japan (GRID:grid.411731.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0531 3030)