Abstract
Clean water is a necessity for all life to survive and flourish. However, natural waters are being continuously contaminated due to the release of waste streams in water. Hence, it is important to remove pollutants from wastewater to fulfill human needs. Conventional treatment methods are neither efficient nor economical for wastewaters that especially contain refractory toxic pollutants. This requires novel techniques like Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), that may successfully degrade persistent micropollutants more efficiently. In this study, an azo dye Acid Red 1 was removed by three AOPs, namely Photocatalytic oxidation, Ozonation and Photocatalytic Ozonation, by employing heterogenous catalysts. TiO2 was used as photocatalyst, whereas Fe-Zeolite has been further added as Ozonation catalyst. The study revealed that photocatalysis degraded only 28% Acid red dye after 15 min, whereas for ozonation, the degradation percentage was 95% in same time. In combined photocatalytic ozonation process using TiO2, 95% degradation was achieved in just 9 min and treatment time further reduced to 5 min when Fe-zeolite was added. Optimization studies for initial concentration, UV intensity and catalyst loading were performed. Finally, rate constants and Electrical Energy per Order (EEO) values were determined for all AOPs, and mechanism was proposed.
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1 University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, Punjab, Pakistan (GRID:grid.444938.6)
2 University of Engineering and Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, Lahore, Pakistan (GRID:grid.444938.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0609 0078)
3 Technology Innovation Institute, Biotechnology Research Center, Masdar City, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.510500.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 8306 7226)
4 King Saud University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.56302.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 5396)
5 Gulf University for Science and Technology, Functional Materials Group, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait (GRID:grid.448933.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0622 6131); Woxsen University, School of Technology, Hyderabad, India (GRID:grid.459612.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1767 065X); Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Rajpura, India (GRID:grid.428245.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 3753); Lovely Professional University, Division of Research & Development, Phagwara, India (GRID:grid.449005.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1756 737X); Lebanese American University, Adnan Kassar School of Business, Beirut, Lebanon (GRID:grid.411323.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2324 5973); University of Johannesburg, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Doornfontein, South Africa (GRID:grid.412988.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0109 131X); University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Department of Civil Engineering, Mohali, India (GRID:grid.448792.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4678 9721); UPES, Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, Dehradun, India (GRID:grid.444415.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1759 0860)