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© 2024. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

The timing of educational attainment may modify its effects on late‐life cognition, yet most studies evaluate education only at a single time point.

METHODS

Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences (KHANDLE) Study cohort participants (N = 554) reported educational attainment (dichotomized at any college education) at two time points, and we classified them as having low, high, or later‐life high educational attainment. Linear mixed‐effects models estimated associations between educational attainment change groups and domain‐specific cognitive outcomes (z‐standardized).

RESULTS

Compared to low educational attainment, high (β= 0.59 SD units; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39, 0.79) and later‐life high educational attainment (β = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.44) were associated with higher executive function. Only high educational attainment was associated with higher verbal episodic memory (β = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.48).

DISCUSSION

Level and timing of educational attainment are both associated with domain‐specific cognition. A single assessment for educational attainment may inadequately characterize protective associations with late‐life cognition.

Highlights

Few studies have examined both level and timing of educational attainment on cognition. Marginalized populations are more likely to attain higher education in adulthood. Higher educational attainment in late life is also associated with higher cognition.

Details

Title
Timing and level of educational attainment and late‐life cognition in the KHANDLE study
Author
Soh, Yenee 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Whitmer, Rachel A. 2 ; Mayeda, Elizabeth Rose 3 ; Glymour, M. Maria 4 ; Eng, Chloe W. 5 ; Peterson, Rachel L. 6 ; George, Kristen M. 2 ; Chen, Ruijia 4 ; Quesenberry, Charles P. 1 ; Mungas, Dan M. 7 ; DeCarli, Charles S. 7 ; Gilsanz, Paola 1 

 Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA 
 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA 
 Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA 
 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA 
 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA 
 School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA 
 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA 
Pages
593-600
Section
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Publication year
2024
Publication date
Jan 1, 2024
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISSN
1552-5260
e-ISSN
1552-5279
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
3089863878
Copyright
© 2024. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.