INTRODUCTION
Chirality, first defined by Lord Kelvin, refers to the geometrically symmetric property of an object or molecule, which cannot overlap with its mirror image through any translation or rotation, and is inextricably linked to that of enantiomers. Chirality, being an intriguing characteristic of molecules, objects, and materials, has received significant attention of scientists. Chiral materials are ubiquitous in multidisciplinary fields, such as chemistry, physiology, medicine, materials science, and physics from atomic, macroscopic, to galactic scales. In chemistry, various two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) chiral mechanical metamaterials are synthesized with outstanding mechanical and physical properties, which are not available in nature. In physiological processes, nature favors one type of chirality, thereby selecting L-amino acids as the primary constituents of proteins and D-sugars as the major parts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid. This is called “homochirality,” which indicates that the physiological processes demonstrate distinct stereoselectivity, although exceptions do exist. The chiral biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and amino acids, are viewed as fundamental elements of life and critical components in biological systems. In addition, chirality is observed in plants and animals. For example, the Convolvulus arvensis demonstrates a right-handed growth, whereas the trumpet honeysuckle of the Lonicera sempervirens shows the growth of left handedness; the Lymnaea peregra snail shell presents right-handed spiral, whereas the Laciniaria biplicata shell is left-handed spiral. Transferring the chirality from molecules to nanomaterials results in chiroptical effects in these chiral nanostructures and facilitates the chiral functional material in the applications of sensing, imaging, catalysis, and optics. Over the past decades, the probability of transferring molecular chirality to sorts of plasmonic nanostructures has been demonstrated for developing advanced chiral nanomaterials with an unprecedented chiroptical activity. Chiral plasmonic nanostructures have gained attention since Whetten and Schaaff discovered the optical activity and confirmed the existence of nanoscale chirality in the glutathione nanoclusters. The important characteristic of the chiral nanostructures is their diverse responses to the right or left circularly polarized (CP) light, generating a remarkable optical activity based on the different refractive indices and circular polarized emissions. Once CP light acts on the plasmonic nanostructures, the resonance is higher for one circular polarization than the other, referred to as chiral plasmonic effects. The gold nanostructures are the most common chiral plasmonic nanomaterials, which utilize amino acids as structure-directing agents to control the chiral morphology. Kotov et al. embedded the chiral nanoparticles into the semiconductor helices to obtain controllable chiroptical activity and enantiomer selectivity. Wang et al. realized the anisotropic gold nanorod helical superstructures and designed an arrangement in the “X” pattern, which resembles that of DNA. The high optical activity of chiral nanostructures is closely related to the plasmonic effects, multiscale chirality, and strongly polarizable components.
Templates, such as DNA, peptides, and liquid crystals (LCs), are used in chiral assemblies. In the orientationally ordered soft matter systems, the LCs, one of the most classical templates, are the intermediate phases between solid and isotropic fluid, which are conspicuous and intriguing state of matters with a long-range orientational order. They are generally classified into thermotropic and lyotropic LCs. In addition, LCs based on polymers, gels, inorganic-based hybrids, and supramolecular complexes are widely considered as the emergingly promising matters that involve chemistry, optics, biotechnology, energy, and sensing. The introduction of the molecular chirality into LCs gives rise to various chiral LC phases, for example, cholesteric, chiral smectic (Smectic A*, Smectic C*), and double-twist structure of blue phases (BPs) with unprecedented properties. Chiral nematic LCs can be achieved from cholesteric LCs or by doping chiral additives to nematic LCs. Among these LC phases, the cholesteric LCs exhibit attractive optical properties because of their self-organized helical superstructures with a one-dimensional (1D) orientational order that is considered as the observable scale molecular chirality. The CP light is selectively reflected when light propagates through the helical superstructures of cholesteric LCs. In case of bent-core mesogens, the steric hindrance avoids the free rotations along the long bent-core molecular axis, resulting in ferro- or antiferroelectric LCs (SmCP and B2 phases). The smectic layers in bent-core mesogens are intrinsically chiral in the presence of tilted molecules. Achiral molecules with bent-geometry contribute in identifying the helical nematic phase (NTB phase) and B4 phase with a number of layered structures, exhibiting chiral morphologies. Chirality-related research in LCs is one of the most interesting subjects toward the field of material science.
Recently, CP luminescence (CPL) materials have gained significant concerns for developing photonic devices using advanced technologies, such as chiral sensing, optical communication for spintronics, optical data storage, spin-optoelectronic circuits, and organic optoelectronic devices. Several CPL-active materials, which consist of organic molecules, lanthanide metal complexes, and chiral LCs, have been demonstrated with excellent optical and electronic properties. The chiral molecules, achiral species, and inorganic nanoparticles can self-assemble into chiral nanoassemblies with considerable CPL activity. Among different chiral materials used for CPL, the LCs are capable of directing the functional building blocks of the nanoscale range by self-assembly into the high-ordered chiral nanomaterials. The nanoarchitectures of the chiral LCs broadly exist in living organisms; these nanoarchitectures widely known natural materials include dactyl clubs of the Odontodactylus scyllarus, Gonodactylus smithi, and Pollia condensata fruit. The Chrysina resplendens with a metallic gold color originates from two helical layers. Kitson et al. fabricated structures similar to these biological materials using a nematic alignment layer, one cholesteric LC layer with a specific reflection peak at 639 nm and the other cholesteric LC layer with a reflection peak at 562 nm. The obtained structure exhibited the golden color, which is similar to the color of beetles. Chrysina gloriosa is able to reflect left-handed circularly polarized light (LCP) but absorb right-handed circularly polarized light (RCP) since the cholesteric nanoarchitectures present in their exoskeletons. The Plusiotis batesi with a helical structure demonstrates selective reflection. In contrast, the Plusiotis resplendens with an anisotropic layer exhibits the total reflection. Takezoe et al. constructed an anisotropic layer structure with an optical heterojunction. This structure with a periodicity of the helix was inserted between polymer-based cholesteric LC layers to fabricate the electro-tunable optical diode, which was based on the photonic bandgap (PBG) of LC heterojunctions. The fruit of P. condensata with iridescent colors owing to the chiral gyroid photonic crystals was explored to design the advanced chiral nanomaterials using LC-based nanoassemblies. In addition, the chitin fibril exhibits a characteristic helicoidal structure with periodic regions, where the helicoidal architectures dissipate energy by propagating microcracks. This provides valuable insights into the biological materials and encourages researchers to explore the CPL-based LCs in diverse applications.
There have been many reviews related to CPL-active materials recently, but most of them concentrate on organic micro-/nanostructures with CPL activity (self-assembly of small molecules, self-assembly of micro-/nanoscale architectures, and self-assembly of π-conjugated polymers), luminescent LC materials (fluorescent materials, phosphorescent materials, and lanthanide complexes), and the emission properties in the context of linearly polarized electroluminescence, and the CPL only in chiral nematic LC systems. However, the target of our review focuses on CPL in chiral orientationally ordered soft matter systems. The systems are chiral LCs, including thermotropic LCs (cholesteric LCs and bent-core LCs), lyotropic LCs (nanocellulose LCs and polyacetylene-based LCs), and LC polymers (cholesteric LC-based polymers, helical nanofibers, and helical network). Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the CPL-active chiral LCs and LC polymers of soft matter systems (Figure ). We primarily focus on the recent progresses and emphasize the appealing findings to amplify the CPL dissymmetry factor (glum) for providing an insight into the applied strategies for regulating CPL signals. The concept and generation of CPL are explained. In addition, the cholesteric LCs with the spatial helicoidal orientational superstructures owing to their tunable pitch and helix-twist handedness are discussed. Inducing CPL in these superstructures using inorganic and organic dopants, such as quantum dots (QDs), nanoparticles, metal nanocrystals, combination of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and perovskites, upconversion nanoparticles (UNPs), chiral emitters, and light-driven molecular motors (MMs) is reviewed. The CPL can be observed in bent-core LCs with chiral additives. The chiral lyotropic LCs, such as cellulose and chiral disubstituted LC polyacetylene, acting as a 1D chiral photonic crystal, can tailor CPL due to their cholesteric structures. Moreover, the LC polymers exhibit potential applications with a large glum and high luminescent efficiency owing to the polymerization in chiral LC systems. Finally, we conclude the progresses of CPL-active chiral LCs and LC polymers in this emerging field to encourage scientists to develop more effective CPL-active materials in chemical and biological sensing, optical information processing, and organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This review is to strengthen the fundamental understanding of CPL-active LCs and to bring substantial advancement to the CPL-based devices as well as their potential in light emission applications, such as quantum communications, optical information processing, and photoelectric devices.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
CONCEPT AND GENERATION OF CPL
Unpolarized light, such as natural and other common sources, is a mixture of two polarized streams, each with half of the intensity. Unpolarized light can be turned into the polarized light when one of these streams has higher power than the other. Polarized light can be divided into linearly, CP light, and elliptically polarized light depending on the difference in the direction of wave vectors, which is vertical to light propagation. Among different types of the polarized light, the CP light is receiving significant interest owing to its latent applications in optical sensors, photoelectric devices, 3D displays, chiroptical materials, and controlling the supramolecular chirality.
Traditionally, CP light is generated via a physical approach with a linear polarizer and a quarter-wave retarder. However, this method results in a significant loss of energy (at least 50% of the energy) during the transmission. According to the CPL generation mechanism, a linear polarizer first converts the emitted unpolarized light into the linearly polarized light, then resolved into LCP or RCP light using a quarter-wave plate (Figure ). The CP light can distinguish the absolute configuration and composition of enantiomers. Additionally, the mechanism of electronic circular dichroism (CD) is founded on differential absorption of LCP and RCP light. In the CD spectrophotometer, LCP and RCP light are alternately produced using the xenon lamp, then they pass through a chiral sample (Figure ). The conformational changes of the secondary or tertiary structures of proteins and nucleic acids and their thermal stability can be assessed by CD-based techniques. The CD spectrum signal is obtained by comparing the original and remanent light intensity with the cotton effect induced at the absorption position. This effect is utilized in emitting devices or light harvesting with emissivity or detectivity of CP light, respectively. In contrast, the unpolarized excitation light is generally applied to remove the effect of the polarized light when detecting true CPL signals from the sample. The measurement is based on different emissions of LCP and RCP light, induced by chiral luminescent samples in the excited state. Thus, it is always accompanied with the emission spectrum. The mechanism is illustrated in Figure . Notably, CD signals in chiral luminescent systems are not necessarily required to observe the CPL. In general, the CPL-active materials demonstrate the characteristic of the cotton effect.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
In the CPL-active materials, the major challenge is to obtain a large luminescent dissymmetry factor, glum, which is employed to quantify the level of CPL.
CPL BASED ON THERMOTROPIC LCs
The formation of mesophases depends on the temperature variations, where the LC phases appear only in a certain temperature range. These LCs are the thermotropic LCs with rod-like (calamitic), bowl-like, discotic, or bent-core molecular geometry. Generally, the CPL can be introduced into thermotropic LCs using three methods: (1) through fabricating the chiral moiety; (2) by developing a host-guest strategy between the achiral host molecules and the chiral guests. Here, the nematic LCs, mostly made of rod-like molecules, produce cholesteric structures via their doping with chiral elements. Thus, CPL signals can be generated by integrating stimuli-responsive chiral molecules into cholesteric LCs with self-organized helical superstructures, which can selectively reflect light with the same handedness as their helix, resulting in enhanced chirality and high glum values compared to those of organic micro-/nanostructure systems; (3) CPL is speculated to be generated from the achiral molecules by spontaneous symmetry-breaking, such as achiral C3-symmetry gelators. In addition, the helical nanofilament phases (HNFs), referred to as the B4 phase, comprising the bent-core mesogens reveal sorts of smectic phases with twisted layers that maintain the helical structures. The CPL of this phase offers new functionalities with unprecedented behaviors in thermotropic LCs, which is highly promising materials in the field of information and display technology.
CPL based on cholesteric LCs
Cholesteric LCs manifest a nonsuperimposable helicoidal superstructure, which were first discovered by Reinitzer in 1888 using the cholesterol derivatives. A cholesteric mesophase comprises thin nematic layers, which are stacked with their directors rotated. The molecules in cholesteric LCs demonstrate the spatial helicoidal orientation along their helical axis, typically characterized by the twist handedness and the helical pitch (p). Handedness is defined by that the orientations of molecular mesogens rotate, either clockwise or anticlockwise, along the helical axis. The parameter p in cholesteric LCs is defined by the distance where the director rotates along the helical axis for a full 360o. The wavelength of the reflected light at the normal incidence is defined by the equation of λ = np, where λ is the wavelength of light and n is the refractive index. In general, a cholesteric LC exhibits the feature of the Bragg reflection. Thus, the reflection band is centered at λc = navpcos(θ) and the bandwidth can be estimated by the equation of Δλ = (ne − no)p, where Δn is the birefringence of the LC host and θ is the incident angle. no, ne, and nav are the ordinary, extraordinary, and average refractive indices of the LC, respectively. Interestingly, the Bragg reflection in cholesteric LCs is CP, where the helical sense is the same as the helix of cholesteric LCs when the periodicity of the helical structure is compared to the wavelengths of the visible light. When the incident light interacts with the helicoidal superstructures in cholesteric LCs, CP light with the same handedness as the helix of helicoidal superstructures will be reflected, whereas the opposite handedness can be transmitted from the structures. In addition, the PBG effect induced by the helical superstructures of cholesteric LCs is applied in mirrorless band-edge laser resonators. The recent endeavors in the advancements of cholesteric LCs on CPL have been achieved by mixing a nematic LC with a chiral agent or with the predesigned light-driven MMs, which can be extensively used in several applications, such as chiral sensing, tunable color filters, polarizers, and mirrorless lasing. Li et al. used the cholesteric LCs to tune the reversible reflection color ranging from visible to infrared region of the spectrum by fabricating the chiral dopants of the new fluorescent molecular switches.
CPL induced by inorganic dopants
The chiral nanostructures and luminescence characteristics of the CPL-active inorganic nanomaterials, including lanthanide complexes, QDs, nanoparticles or nanorods, and perovskites, have promoted the fundamental research and encouraged scientists to explore the chiroptical activity of these CPL-active materials. The lanthanide complexes, such as gadolinium (III), terbium (III), and europium (III), demonstrate a high glum; nevertheless, the photoluminescence quantum efficiency of these complexes is considerably low (<40%). QDs, including III−V and II−VI semiconducting and metallic QDs, afford a promising path by attaching chiral ligands to their surfaces to realize CPL using the nanostructure-based technologies. However, the high glum and photoluminescence quantum efficiency remain a challenge. The emerging photovoltaic material of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites is a breakthrough in the advancement of new chiral semiconductors. Metal-halide perovskite semiconductors fulfill the majority of the requirements of the CPL-emitting sources, which are peculiarly used for LEDs, optical lasers, photodetectors, and high efficiency photovoltaic cells owing to their fascinating optical and electric properties, such as adjustable PBG, remarkable light absorption, and available synthesis of high-quality crystals. The CP light is broadly employed in advanced technologies involving 3D displays and information carriers in quantum computation. Therefore, high polarization, well-controlled handedness, and high luminescent efficiency are required for CP light. Luminescence based on halide perovskite nanocrystals is considered in applications of LEDs and solar cells.
Li et al. used perovskite nanocrystals doped in a predetermined handedness cholesteric superstructure to obtain CPL. The perovskite nanoparticle layer was arranged between two filters, whose handedness of the helical structure was opposite. The cholesteric film converted unpolarized light originating from perovskites into CPL with |glum| up to 1.6. The system configuration for CP emission is made of a light source and two cholesteric filters. The emission layer consisted of perovskite material and cholesteric filters made of left- and right-handed polymeric cholesteric films. Figure reveals the basic principle in the CPL system. The perovskite film produces unpolarized light from both sides in the absence of a cholesteric film (50% up and down). The perovskite film is placed on the right-handed cholesteric LC (R-CLC) film, of which the reflection band coincides with the emission wavelength from perovskites. Once exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the polarization of upward light emission remains unchanged, whereas the downward light was reflected with a 180° phase shifting and change in the handedness. Hence, the reflected upward light is RCP, whereas the remaining half turns to be LCP after propagating through the R-CLC film. Similarly, the upward light emission is divided into two equal parts, when an L-CLC film is stacked on the other perovskite films (Figure ). Meanwhile, the emission colors of blue (B), green (G), and red (R) are regulated by different amounts of halide compositions and various geometrical sizes. The B, G, and R emission correspond to CsPbBr3, bromide-based perovskite CsPbBr3, and iodine-based perovskite CsPbI3, respectively. Figure shows polarized optical microscope (POM) images of R-cholesteric and L-cholesteric LC films with different amounts of chiral dopants, signifying that the cholesteric LC film displays planar structures with B, G, and R emission because of Bragg reflection. Figure illustrates images of perovskite films with R-cholesteric or the L-cholesteric LC films under the observation (Figure ), a RCP (Figure ), and a left-handed circular polarizer (Figure ). All perovskite-based cholesteric LCs exhibit bright photoluminescence in the absence of a circular polarizer. When a right-handedness circular polarizer is kept on the top of the glass and an R-cholesteric LC film, the LCP light with the opposite handedness can be transmitted through the glass. The polarized filter allows the light with the same handedness to propagate through but prohibits the spread of CP light with a reversed handedness (Figure , left sample). In contrast, the RCP light is allowed to pass through using an L-cholesteric LC film (Figure , right samples). When a circular polarizer with left handedness is used, the effect of the color saturation is similar to that in a RCP (Figure ). Therefore, the polarization of the luminescence is well-controlled using the cholesteric LC film. The full-color chiral light emission obtained by this proposed method offers new possibilities in photonic devices and optoelectronic field. However, the |glum| values reported for CP light emission based on perovskite materials are less than the theoretical value of 2, which is due to the instability of perovskite nanocrystals. Therefore, a higher |glum| can be achieved by stabilizing perovskite nanocrystals in cholesteric LCs compared to those systems of cholesteric superstructure stacks doped with inorganic perovskite nanocrystals directly. Zhu et al. successfully developed a novel CPL system with a |glum| up to 1.9 using perovskites with a bilayer architecture in chiral LC-based devices for enhancing the stimuli-responsive modulation of CPL (Figure ). Incorporating a PAN distinctly enhances the luminescent efficiency, improves the stability of perovskite, and tunes the PBG of chiral LC to cover the perovskite's emission band, resulting in the stable and nearly pure CPL. The rather high |glum| is due to the matching between the PBG of the chiral LC and the emission peak of perovskite. Thus, chiral luminescent materials and optical modulations are essential for fabricating new CPL-active materials, enabling both the enhanced luminescence efficiency and large |glum|. The perovskite-polymer solution is spin-coating on a flat substrate, followed by a predefined mask etched by the laser. The assembled device can work as a progressive anti-counterfeiting label. When it is irradiated by UV light, the graphical information appears promptly; however, it disappears when covered by a circular polarizer, thereby preventing the transmission of CPL of the same handedness. Several fine graphic patterns, such as sun, snow, thunder, rain, and clouds, are extended under the fabrication route (Figure ) to improve the graphical display.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
Photon upconversion, which can absorb low-energy photons, but emit high-energy photons, is regarded as an excellent nonlinear-optical phenomenon. The processes of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA)-related upconversion and UNPs are the two primary approaches toward upconverted CPL. Duan et al. reported the upconverted CPL relying on the TTA process in 2017. The obtained glum value under UV irradiation at 360 nm was low (2 × 10−4), whereas the value of glum at approximately 450 nm increased to 4 × 10−3, which was one order of magnitude higher than that at 532 nm. TTA-based upconversion processes and upconverted CPL in the LC system resulted in the enhancement of the glum by three orders and one order, respectively. The perovskite nanocrystals simultaneously exhibited outstanding absorption and luminescent properties owing to the unique characteristics, such as precisely tunable bandgaps, long charge-carrier diffusion lengths, and high defect tolerance. Particularly, the metal-halide perovskites are the potential light sources for next-generation LED and lasers. Lanthanide-doped UNPs were reported first in 2000, which can convert photons in low energy to photons in high energy via anti-Stokes, thereby enabling a broad range of practical applications, including high-resolution biomedical imaging, sensing, drug-delivery systems, data safety, and photovoltaic technologies. Duan et al. designed a chiral emissive system by integrating UNPs and perovskites into the cholesteric LC and successfully demonstrated an enhanced upconverted CPL dependent on the radiative-energy transfer (RET) from UNPs to the CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals. The glum of the upconverted CPL could be amplified to a significantly high value of 1.1 by adjusting the emission peak of the CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals at the center of the PBG in cholesteric LCs. The CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals are utilized as the energy acceptor and UNPs are served as the energy donor, whose emission peak is located at the center and the edge of PBG of cholesteric LC, respectively (Figure ). The RET process is turned off under the electric field (Figure ). The planar texture of cholesteric LC is observed using POM (Figure ). The reflection of the cholesteric LC is unable to be detected when the voltage is continuously increased to 100 V, suggesting that the LC molecules prefer to orient parallelly to the direction of the electric field (Figure ). The green color (Figure , inset) changes to bluish-violet under laser excitation at 980 nm (Figure , inset) and the emission of the UNPs is quenched by 74% at 100 V (Figure ). This phenomenon can be explained by that the emission of the UNPs would be suppressed when the chiral superstructure of cholesteric LC is completely destroyed by the strong electric field, which uniformly reorients the LC molecules.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
CPL induced by organic dopants
Several studies have been reported on CPL-active materials based on organic molecules, including the axially chiral binaphthyls derivatives, helicenes, and chiral cyclophanes, because of the associated advantages of high fluorescence efficiency, tunable emission wavelength, and precise structure-performance relationship. In addition, organic molecules offer a relatively high glum by self-organizing into helical polymers or using aggregation-induced emission dyes (AIEs). However, the glum values obtained at the wavelength of light in the visible region for most of reported CPL-active systems are very low, which restrict the practical applications. Recently, the organic molecules-based LCs in photon upconversion systems have become the frontier of scientific fields. Particularly, doping of chiral emitters into the achiral nematic LCs is a preferred method to obtain CPL-active cholesteric LCs. Duan et al. demonstrated a complicated system with intense circularly polarized ultraviolet luminescence (CPUL) of high |glum| value (0.19), which allowed an enantioselective polymerization, stimulated by chiral UV light. The system was constructed by integrating the sensitized TTA-based upconversion and CPL to explore the upconverted CPUL and the emission from the visible region to the UV region (Figure ). In addition, the enantioselective photopolymerization of diacetylene was initiated by the upconverted CPUL (Figure ). R-TP/4CzIPN and R-TP/5CB were used under a light source of the continuous wave laser to generate an upconverted CPUL emission. The complex R-TP/4CzIPN/5CB was illuminated using 445 nm CW laser; subsequently, the thin 2, 4-nonadecanediynoic acid (NA) films were located behind the sample with a filter located in the middle. After exposing to the upconverted CPUL for a small duration, the NA film became blue, signifying the formation of polydiacetylene. The CD signal of polydiacetylene films after exposing to the upconverted CPUL was produced by R-TP/4CzIPN and S-TP/4CzIPN in cholesteric LC, which demonstrates a mirror-image Cotton effect (Figure ). The photopolymerization of NA was repeated in 10 different batches to ensure the reliability of the enantioselectivity. The black and red spheres in Figure represent the absorption dissymmetry factor gCD of polydiacetylene generated from R-TP/4CzIPN/5CB and S-TP/4CzIPN/5CB, respectively. The CD signals with mirror images at 640 nm indicate that the chirality of polydiacetylene follows the molecular chirality of the annihilator (Figure ). This result signifies that polydiacetylene was fabricated via the enantioselective polymerization.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
The self-assembly of LCs is promising for constructing stimuli-responsive materials by utilizing heat, light, or chemicals stimuli, thus offering underlying applications in deployable soft actuating devices. Li et al. reported the 3D control of the helical axis of a cholesteric LC coupled with the reversal of its handedness merely by light. Furthermore, Li et al. discussed a series of developments on the reversal of the handedness in cholesteric LCs by different photoisomerizable chiral molecular switches. Yang et al. constructed a chiral-switchable device comprising a dynamic superstructure of cholesteric LCs doped with a light-driven MM to achieve the concurrent chirality and intensity modulations of CPL (Figure ). The MM was specially designed with an alkyl chain substituent to improve the dopant-host compatibility, thereby allowing for advanced chemical isomerization under UV light. The rotary of these motors can alter the handedness by altering the self-assembled structures of cholesteric LCs. Four guest achiral luminescent dyes (BHA, DAC, N-R, and R-6G) were selected (Figure ) to be doped in cholesteric LCs. The reflection wavelength of cholesteric LCs was shifted using UV-light. CPL signals could be regulated by locating the emission wavelength at the edges of the PBG, such as doping the various concentrations of R5011 and enlarging the amount of MM. Subsequently, the only photoswitchable MM was doped in SLC1717 to obtain the reversible chiral inversion cholesteric superstructure. The handedness is supposed to be validly changed from left-handed to right-handed upon irradiating with UV at 365 nm (Figure ) and subsequently recovered to the initial condition when the superstructure was heated or kept at 25°C. The maximum glum value of 0.42 was obtained and the reversed handedness of CPL was repeated back and forth for many times without any associated concerns (Figure ). The stimuli-responsive principle of reversible CPL was designed using the cholesteric LC, which adds a significant value in new possible applications for optoelectronic and photonics.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
CPL based on bent-core LCs
Chiral LC phases formed by bent-core molecules have achieved widespread concerns owing to their distinct polarity. The chirality and spontaneous polar order break the symmetry, coupling to drive the layer to undergo the saddle-splay deformation, forming a spectacular hierarchical structure of the twisted layers. Since the chiral resolution and the polar switching were discovered in bent-core LCs, several studies have investigated new LCs comprising bent-core molecules and their unique phase behaviors, orientational control of HNF growth, and excellent gelation ability. At least eight different smectic phases made of bent-core molecules have been found, which are named as B1–B8 phases, where “B” stands for “bow-shaped,” “bent-core,” “bent-shaped,” or “banana-shaped.” The B4 phase or HNFs of bent-core compounds was first resolved with freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy by Clark in 2009. Figure illustrates the mechanism of the formation of HNFs. The spectacular hierarchical structures of HNFs originate from achiral bent-core molecules. The projection of two arms of bent-core molecules in the midplane did not match; the tilt directions projected on the layer midplane are almost vertical, which result in the saddle-splay layer curvature and form nanofilaments of the twist smectic layer. Walba reported that the modulated HNFs (HNFmods) had in-layer modulation apart from the negative curvature of layers. The textures in the B4 phase are transparent blue color (in the reflection mode) under crossed polarizers observed by naked eyes, reason of which is not completely understood, though it is certainly related to scattering, reflection, and interference by packing of these filaments in thin films. For example, Jákli et al. reported that the filaments in HNFs with a second twist were not parallel to each other; instead, they were rotated with respect to each other by an angle of 35–40o, which explains the color of HNFs. Clark et al. reported the nanophase segregations in binary mixtures of a bent-core LC and a rod-like LC at a low temperature. Based on these studies, Choi et al. demonstrated a similar approach to achieve CPL by self-assembled chiral supernanospace of achiral bent-core molecules. The achiral mixture in which a bent-core LC as the host and rod-like LC with a fluorescent dye as the guest (host: P12, guest: 5PCB) was investigated. The nematic phase blended with the fluorescent dye was segregated from HNFs, thus creating the chiral nanospace. Therefore, CPL signals were detected from the dye blended with rod-like molecules. Apparently, CPL signals are not observed in the nematic LC formed by rod-like molecules with the absence of chiral nanospace (Figure ). The approach for CPL generation can be fulfilled by using molecular chirality or complicated molecular design comprising chiral dopants, chiral fluorophores, chiral templates, and chiral gelators. In addition, the superstructure of the bent-core LCs allows to modulate the glum (∼10−3) by external stimuli, such as electric field, which can be used to control the reorientation or nonlinear nonequilibrium state of the nematic molecules. These observations provide a direct evidence of the spontaneous chiral aggregation of rod-like molecules, which are segregated from HNF networks and motivate us to construct highly dissymmetric CPL and practical CPL-active materials. Furthermore, Choi et al. designed the inversed HNF networks, which were used as a chiral nanotemplate to confine nematic LCs. A helical nanofilament was utilized as three-dimensional mold to create an inverse nanohelical structure. Subsequently, the achiral nematic LCs doped with fluorescent dye were refilled in the chiral nanoporous film, accompanied by the chirality transfer from the inversed HNFs to nematic LCs, which exhibited stimuli-responsive CPL with a low glum value in the order of magnitudes of 10−3.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
Several approaches have been investigated to acquire highly efficient CPL-active materials for increasing |glum| in the helical nanofilaments. Shadpour et al. designed a CPL-active material using HNFmods with axially chiral binaphthyl-based additives, which were confined in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannels (Figure ). Interestingly, the handedness of the bulk HNFmods is not affected by the chiral additives, which are expelled from HNFmods, consequently resulting in the chirality preserving growth. However, the value of glum remains low in this supramolecular structure based on HNFmods because of the existence of the domains with opposite handedness and the arbitrary arrangements of HNFmods. Similarly, Cheng et al. doped chiral binaphthyl-based inducers into achiral LCs polymers to fabricate chiral co-assemblies and investigate CPL behaviors by regulating helical nanofibers in the supramolecular co-assembly process. Thus, the chirality could be efficiently transferred from the helically assembled supramolecular system. Recently, Liu et al. constructed a thermal-driven tunable CPL-active system using helical nano- or microfilament templates in conjunction with hexaphenylsilole (HPS), which relied on a supramolecular self-assembly approach (Figure ). Tang et al. first reported luminescent compounds with AIE property in 2001. Since then, significant research studies have been probed into CPL-active materials, which are based on AIEgens ranging from small molecules, polymers, and self-assemblies to hybrids. AIEgens could modify and regulate the self-assembly in agglomerates to obtain the excellent optical properties and provide desirable properties because of their strong emissivity in the aggregated state, whereas they remain nonemissive in organic solvents. Furthermore, bent-core LCs were demonstrated, which could form helical (heliconical) nano- or microfilaments of B4 phase by doping AIE and confinement in the appropriate diameter of AAO, to ensure the arrangement of HNFs in the same direction. Particularly, the same handedness of these nano- or microfilament templates was chosen by adding the chiral centers in the flexible chains to avoid the destructive effect of the racemization. Additionally, the mechanism of HPS was proposed based on nonplanar luminogenic molecules by restricting the free intramolecular rotation of phenyls in the aggregate state, which served as a chiral additive to induce a small pitch as the binaphthyl derivatives. Thus, the pitch was reduced by 35% compared with that in the case of not doping chiral additives or efficient HPS aggregations in AAO. The intrinsic geometric differences (height, width, and helical pitch) of the B4 templates and differences in exposed aromatic areas led to different CPL activities. Thus, an efficient method is to design chiroptical materials with high |glum| (reaching up to 0.25) by optimizing three factors, including chiral centers, HPS, and AAO in the system. This approach will provide new ideas into the construction of temperature-rate indicators by combination of AIE dyes. The similar approach was employed in AIE-active dyes to obtain CPL by the supramolecular self-assembly process in the cholesteric LC or smectic C* system. The chiral binaphthyl enantiomers and AIE dyes or AIE-active binaphthyl derivatives were compatibly doped into a nematic LC to produce the new AIE-cholesteric LCs, which can induce strong CPL responses with high |glum|. Tang et al. constructed CPL-active AIEgens by locating AIEgen into chiral cholesterols to form chiral LCs, which enable the increase of the emission efficiency and also provide a useful platform to obtain high glum.
The arrangement of metal nanoparticles in the LC-nanoparticle hybrid systems provides potential opportunities to broaden the variety of LC's characteristic responding to the external stimuli due to new optical activity of plasmon coupling. Marcverelst et al. demonstrated the long-range ordering of nanoparticle assemblies, which successfully follow the helical configuration of cholesteric LC. A significant amount of reported studies on LCs as templates is related to nematic, smectic, and BPs. Cholesteric LCs have been widely explored including chirality amplification by functionalized nanoparticles to nanorods and the effect of nanoshape and solute-solvent compatibility toward chirality transfer in nematic LCs. Li et al. functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles with a mesogenic monolayer on the surface to promote the compatibility in an LC and probed into their influence on electro-optical properties of a dual-frequency system. Recently, HNFs have been selected as chiral LC templates for designing CPL nanomaterials due to their switching ability of temperature-driven structural changes. Meanwhile, nanoparticle-based materials are designed through self-assembly of the anisotropic nanoparticles into 2D or 3D assembly to obtain the unique optical properties of the devices at the macroscale. Lesiak et al. presented an approach by doping gold nanoparticles into a spatial confinement of a nematic LC to self-induce a one-dimensional photonic periodic structure. The periodicity of this structure can be dynamically adjusted, accompanied by the tunable wavelength, adjustable spectra width, and a narrow transmission band. This process was not only reversible but also could be regulated by changing the diameters of the confining space, thereby probably allowing the fabrication of the adjustable and broad range of photonic devices, such as tunable filters or reflectors, and light shutters. Intriguingly, Jung et al. generated the helical nanoparticle superstructures by assembling the helical nanofiber templates. The size of gold nanoparticles within the helically organized superstructures can be regulated, and the nanoparticle organizations enable the predictable chiroptical properties based on the expected surface plasmon absorption wavelength of the chiroptical materials. Lewandowski et al. used HNFs to regulate the plasmonic nanoparticles with accurately tunable nanostructures. The interaction of plasmonic nanoparticles and HNFs resulted in the formation of hierarchical helical nanostructures (Figure ). The nanoparticles were particularly functionalized with chemically compatible organic ligands to maintain the sufficient solubility and chemical compatibility between the nanoparticles and the HNFs. When helical nanostructures started growing as a function of cooling rates, the assembly of functionalized nanoparticles into helical structures could be driven. Subsequently, the nanoparticles were expelled from the bulk to the boundary of the sample because of the location of the nanoparticles at the phase boundaries. The versatility was confirmed by blending the supramolecular nanofibers with small spherical nanoparticles (Figure ) and nanorods (Figure ), resulting in an actively tunable structure of helical nanocomposites, as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which was performed to figure out the Au1-3/L-L helical structure. Hence, the approach of employing HNFs as templates to fabricate chiral plasmonic and CPL-active material by chiral dopants confirmed an effective approach, which can open a new way toward co-assembly systems.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
CPL BASED ON LYOTROPIC LCs
QDs or carbon dots have received significant concerns on account of their outstanding properties and applications in different research fields. Many challenging issues associated with doping QDs in cholesteric LCs still exist, such as complex synthesis procedures, elemental shortages, or intrinsic toxicity due to the use of heavy metal, and weak CPL with |glum| in the range of approximately 10−3–10−2. For example, Nabiev et al. developed LC-based optical materials by doping fluorescent CdSe/ZnS QDs in cholesteric LCs, in which the CP emission with glum can be electrically controlled by the helical conformational changes of LC matrices. Balaz et al. designed the CdSe QDs, which can induce CD and CPL by functionalized ligands. MacLachlan et al. encapsulated CdS QDs into the chiral nematic mesoporous silica, which developed an iridescent and luminescent silica-encapsulated CdS QD film. Carbon dots with unique characteristics, such as photoluminescence, photostability, and biocompatibility, are remarkably promising for light-emitting devices, energy storage, optoelectronic applications, bioimaging, and sensing. Lyotropic LCs are the substances that only form LC phases in solvents, where their phase behaviors are closely dependent on the concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. Lyotropic LCs have been observed in many biomolecules, such as DNA, lipids, and cellulose, which provide various drugs for diagnosis as well as innovate the market of technologies for medicine and cosmetology. Furthermore, the cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), the most abundant renewable organic material, can be produced from plants, tunicates, or bacteria. CNCs are chiral with screw-shaped morphology because of the presence of D-glucose. Their surfaces are covered with hydroxyl groups that induce the interparticle attraction in water suspension via hydrogen bonding, resulting in the formation of large clusters in suspensions for individual CNCs. When CNCs are treated with sulfuric acid, they get negatively charged sulfate half-ester surface groups, thereby forming stable colloidal dispersions by self-assembling in water as a consequence of the electrostatic repulsion. Interestingly, for CNCs, when exceeding the critical concentration, they will spontaneously organize into chiral nematic lyotropic LCs by stacked layers of oriented CNC spindles. In addition, when the pitch of CNCs is compared to the wavelength of visible light, the thin films can selectively reflect LCP light and appear iridescent color, which can be applied in optical filters, solar gain regulators, and stimuli-responsive stretchable optics. Gao et al. built a luminophore-chiral CNC interface to obtain dual-mode CP light emission; thus, LCP and RCP can emit easily without applying any harsh condition. In addition, CNCs can be used as a chiral nematic template, such as nanoparticles, QDs, carbon dots, and dyes, and can be co-assembled into the functional chiral films. Xu et al. fabricated CPL carbon dots (CNC-CDots) of left-handed helical superstructures with a tunable PBG from the near-UV to the near-infrared, the multicolor and right-handed CPL with glum reach up to −0.74. CNC-CDot films were iridescent under natural light. The transmission spectra exhibit three-color reflection band at different wavelengths for CNC-based CDots (Figure ). CD spectra demonstrate strong positive cotton effect, indicating a left-handed CNC-CDot (Figure ). The helical pitch of the periodic layer structures is hundreds of nanometers by scanning electron microscopy (Figure ). The fingerprint textures of chiral nematic characteristics and different orientational domains in CNC-CDots are observed using POM (Figure ). The oppositely charged CNCs and CDots attract each other owing to the electrostatic attractions and subsequently lead to the formation of CDots-coated CNC nanorods. In addition, the like-charged CDots repel each other, thereby facilitating a homogeneous distribution and reducing the effect of the fluorescence quenching. The color homogeneity is confirmed by the images from fluorescent microscopy (Figure ). The CNC-G-CDots-483 film appears clear when it is irradiated with 450 nm RCP light. Conversely, the film becomes dark when it is irradiated by 450 nm LCP light (Figure ). A higher transmittance is observed for the film probed with RCP light than that with LCP light, owing to selectively transmitting 450 nm RCP light by the left-handed CNC-G-CDots-483 (Figure ). Noticeably, the CP light can be monitored by performing the photoemission spectra (Figure ). The transmitted light intensity of the film irradiated by the LCP is largely attenuated owing to the left-handed CNC-G-CDots-483, thus reducing the photoexcitation energy and giving rise to relatively lower emission intensity (Figure ). These Cdots open up new fields on the PBG-based CPL and their potential applications in the CP light detection.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
Akagi et al. fabricated a CPL-switchable device using a chiral-disubstituted LC-based polyacetylene film with a thermotropic cholesteric LC to dynamically switch and amplify CPL signals. The selective reflection band could be tuned to overlap with the CPL emission band, which facilitates promising applications in optical devices and switchable low-threshold lasers. Akagi et al. synthesized various disubstituted LC polyacetylene derivatives, which can exhibit both lyotropic and thermotropic LC behaviors by doping chiral additives (Figure ). The POM analysis depicts the lyotropic LC formed by (S)-PA2 with polymer chains spontaneously forming a helically twisted structure, which is prepared using a 10 wt.% solution with toluene (Figure ). X-ray diffraction demonstrates a reflection peak at the position of 15.0 Å, indicting the distance of the polymer interchain within a cholesteric LC domain. While POM of (rac)-PA2 shows the typical schlieren textures (Figure , left), the previous nematic LC of (rac)-PA2 is turned into cholesteric LC after adding the chiral dopant of (S)-D1 at 10 wt.% (Figure , right) as evidenced by a fingerprint texture. The (R)-PA2 with P-helicity exhibits the handedness opposite to the (S)-PA2 from the CPL signal with glum values in the order of 10−1 (Figure ), thereby prompting a rather high degree of circular polarization in conjugated polymer systems. This is attributed to the chain structures of the disubstituted LC polyacetylene and chirality induced with chiral dopants, leading to a highly ordered lyotropic cholesteric LC. The obtained cholesteric LC promotes the formation of the helically π-stacked disubstituted LC polyacetylene, in which the chirality can be induced by substituting the chiral parts to side chains. Lyotropic cholesteric LCs are regarded as prospective materials possessing the CPL functionality in organic optoelectronic devices.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
CPL BASED ON LC POLYMERS
Several endeavors have been made to fabricate CPL-active materials with LC polymers, which exhibit practical applications with a high glum and luminescent efficiency owing to their excellent thermal stability, processing capacity, and film-forming performance. Generally, two essential approaches are used to endue luminescent polymers with CPL properties, including doping polymers with fluorescence into a cholesteric LC matrix or doping chiral additives into the fluorescent LC polymer matrix, non-doped chiral π-conjugated polymers, or helical backbone. These advanced technologies pave various novel ways to enhance CPL. One of the promising ways is the addition of LCs to the chiral conjugated polymers. Polymeric cholesteric LCs have received a broad interest in regulating CPL behaviors owing to their good structural integrity, mechanical stability, and processability. Introducing chiral mesogens to form LC polymers is one of the common approaches to fabricate cholesteric LC polymers, whereas an achiral smectic LC polymer can often exist owing to the damage of the chiral superstructures during the process. Xiong et al. designed polyether-based cholesteric LC copolymers comprising chiral and nematic LC monomers and cross-linkable agents, which are confined in cholesteric LC elastomers by photo-cross-linking. Subsequently, the strong CPL with high glum is generated by doping different dyes in cholesteric LC thin films (Figure ). Chiral LC polymers have been viewed as one of the most potential CPL materials. Cheng et al. developed a CPL-active material of helical nanofibers using three achiral LC polymers and an axial chiral binaphthyl with anchored dihedral angles to fabricate chiral supramolecular assemblies. The binaphthyl derivatives remarkably favor the rigid planar conformation, which can significantly enhance the amplification of molecular chirality. The strong CPL emission is achieved through chiral co-assembly, which is attributed to the intermolecular π-π stacking and helical nanofibers formation (Figure ). Yang et al. constructed the structurally colored polymer films via the photopolymerization of cholesteric LC mixtures using acrylate mesogens doped with AIE-active dye of tetraphenylethylene and other chiral dopants. The obtained polymer films demonstrate a CPL with high glum up to 0.58 (Figure ). These structurally colored polymer films are considerably potential candidates for optical anticounterfeiting. Generally, nematic LCs are exclusively used as the host in the asymmetric polymerization, while smectic LCs with a higher degree of order than nematic LCs can afford the polymers with a higher-order helical structure, which has rarely been explored yet. Akaji et al. constructed a system using radical photo-cross-linking polymerization in chiral smectic C to obtain the helical network polymers, which produces CPL with high glum (Figure ). Those LC polymers certainly unfold a novel vision to fabricate CPL-active materials, which provide a new direction for the fabrication of CPL-active materials with high performance and significantly enlarge the scope of their practical applications.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
APPLICATIONS
CPL has opened new possibilities for the promising applications in chiral sensing, enantioselective syntheses, nonlinear photonic devices, and organic LEDs. Liu et al. launched the enantioselective polymerization of diacetylene using lanthanide-doped UNPs in the organic-inorganic co-assembled system. Li et al. designed thermally driven cholesteric LC diffraction gratings by integrating a chiral molecular switch into an achiral LC, which can exhibit reversible in-plane orthogonal switching upon temperature and electric field stimulates. Akagi et al. fabricated a thermal-driven chiral-switchable device for CPL using a light-emitting conjugated polymer film and a double-layered cholesteric LC with opposite handedness. The new cholesteric LC systems reveal that temperature can be used to control the selective reflection and allow thermal chirality-switching. Xu et al. fabricated cellulose films with chiral photonic property that allows the right-handed and left-handed passive CPL and right-handed CPL emission owing to the PBG and the left-handed helical structure. Figure demonstrates the characteristic of the chiral photonic cellulose, which transforms the incident light to the passive CPL and well-controlled handed CPL emission. When the incident light propagating through the films of chiral photonic cellulose, it is converted into the passive L-CPL because of the reflection; however, they transform the passive R-CPL by transmission. Using these cellulose films, the incident light can cover the wavelength from near-UV to near-IR with viewing-side-dependent handedness of passive CPL (Figure ). Three photonic cellulose films of A shape are demonstrated with different characteristics of PBG (denoted as APBG, Figure , top row). APBG can be seen on a black background by the LCP filter (L-APBG) and RCP filter (R-APBG). The peak wavelengths of the transmission spectra are observed at 640, 565, and 470 nm. The color contrasts of L-APBG, APBG, and R-APBG are consistent and visible. In addition, the R-CPL of photonic cellulose thin films controlled by tuning the PBG and incorporating luminophores opens a novel path for technological advances in the field of CPL materials.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
Diffraction gratings as optical components are widely employed in optical multiplexers and signal processors. Lyotropic LC (LLC) are more easily accessible by both natural and synthetic sources than thermotropic LCs; however, it is rarely used in optical gratings. MacLachlan et al. reported optical diffraction gratings with CNC LCs, where hydrogel sheets comprised cholesteric LC structures with the helical axis parallelly aligned to the surface (Figure ). The homogenous alignment of the cholesteric LCs was obtained by the combination of confining CNCs in a vertical aligned chamber and a magnetic field. Particularly, the mixture containing CNCs and polyacrylamide precursors were filled in the vertically rectangular glass chamber, where phase separation was observed under gravity. Subsequently, the cholesteric LC was aligned using a strong 9.4 T magnetic field, leading to a homogeneous helical axis along the direction of cholesteric LCs. Afterward, the polyacrylamide hydrogel networks were formed near the well-ordered CNCs via UV-irradiation, maintaining the distinct unidirectional LC order and long helical pitch in the liquid state. This synthesis approach is able to be widely employed in different grating-based materials, thus creating a new research area of optical materials based on LLCs. The diffracted light depicts the linear polarization rather than the circular polarization (Figure ), which appears similar in the diffraction patterns for RCP or LCP (Figure ). This is attributed to the propagation of the incident light, which is perpendicular to the helical axis, thereby prohibiting the Bragg reflection. However, the obvious diffraction effect appears when the polarization of light is parallel to the x axis (Figure ) and the color extinction effect occurs if the incident light polarizes parallelly to the y axis (Figure ). This method may be capable of being scaled for industrial manufacturing with enhanced performances through fabricating materials, which potentially exhibits a latent foreground of CNC-based optical materials.
[IMAGE OMITTED. SEE PDF]
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
Chiral architectures are universal in life and nature, varying at different scales from neutrinos to enantiomers, biomacromolecules, microorganisms, seashells, plants, and galaxies. Chiral orientationally ordered soft matter, such as chiral LCs and LC polymers, are the promising candidates owing to their unique optical and mechanical characteristics with significant potential in the area of chemistry, optics, biology, and materials science. LCs integrate the properties of liquid and crystals from molecular to macroscopic level, thereby offering chances for the essential research on soft matter systems and promoting the development of advanced technology with broad applications. The chiral LCs and LC polymers offer a straightforward pathway in the area of designing of CPL-active functional materials, which are easily accessible and inexpensive in the self-assembly process. This review offers a systematical summary of the emerging progresses on CPL-active chiral LCs and LC polymers. Inspired by the nature beetles of cholesteric architectures, researchers have devoted significant effort to developing various CPL-active chiral LCs and LC polymers, which provide a prospective insight into the fundamental science associated with the functional soft superstructures. Different thermotropic and lyotropic LCs have been used for constructing CPL-active materials with high |glum|. Inorganic nanomaterials, including QDs, nanoparticles, and perovskites, are doped into the predefined handedness cholesteric superstructure stack to obtain the CPL. Particularly, metal halide perovskite semiconductors with excellent optical and electrical properties, such as tunable bandgaps and strong light absorption, are used in the cholesteric LCs with helicoidal (helical) superstructures for fabricating an amplified |glum| up to 1.6. The perovskite nanoparticle layer is placed between two opposite handed filters, where the cholesteric LC film can change unpolarized light emission into CPL. The incorporation of PAN remarkably improves the stability of perovskite and demonstrates a significantly enhanced |glum| to 1.9 in the cholesteric LC system. The exploration of CPL-active systems in cholesteric LCs builds up a prospective insight on functional soft superstructures, which are significantly important for future applications, consisting of photonic cellulose films and diffraction gratings. Many emerging nanoscale functional organic materials have been applied in bent-core systems to design novel chiral luminescent nanomaterials with enhanced CPL. These materials can be used in several applications, including biological science, information encryption, optical detectors, and 3D displays. The chirality in achiral bent-core LCs contributes to a better grasp of the origin of the molecular chirality. The HNFs can generate CPL using the self-assembled chiral supernanospace, formed by bent-core molecules with chiral additives, including axially biphenyl derivatives, AIE dyes, and nanoparticles, which offer new approaches for fabricating in CPL-active devices with a high |glum|. The polymeric cholesteric LC superstructures demonstrate highly tunable reflection owing to their elevated processing capacity, enhanced mechanical stability, and structural integrity. The photonic band gap of chiral LC is controllable to obtain a full-color CPL by doping achiral fluorescence dyes. The helical nanofibers formed through the co-assembly of LC polymers and axially chiral binaphthyl derivatives manifest the inverted CPL behavior through intermolecular π−π stacking interactions.
Despite of the significant and extensive efforts on CPL-active chiral LCs with considerable achievements, the development of CPL-active nanomaterial strategies is still in its infancy. Several challenges need to be solved for the important breakthrough research in the promising area of CPL. A highly challenging task is to develop CPL-active materials with high optical |glum| approaching the theoretical value of ±2. The values of |glum| in most of the cholesteric LC structures are not as high as expected. Therefore, novel mechanisms and new manufacturing technologies are required to design and fabricate new materials. The unique characteristics of inorganic and organic materials, which satisfy the requirement to design CPL-active material with large |glum|, can be integrated into chiral LCs and LC polymers through interdisciplinary research to modify the functions of CPL-based systems. Another challenge is to endow the CPL-active LCs with tunable wavelengths from UV, visible, near-infrared even to the terahertz regions. Though QDs have always been applied to tune the wavelength from visible to near-infrared regions in the organic solvent system, several challenges associated with the LC systems need to be addressed. In addition, substantial endeavor should be focused on investigating more complex and advanced functional devices based on the chiral LCs and LC polymers. Many LC phases, such as 2D chiral smectic and 3D BPs, have potential to be utilized in the advancement of CPL-active LCs with unprecedented functionalities. Potentially, the unique properties of LCs with CPL are speculated to assist in designing the programmable and reconfigurable chiral functional nanomaterials. A bridge is intended to build between the research in CPL-active material and that of diverse applications. Scientists with multidisciplinary research backgrounds could concentrate on the progress of the tissue-like materials, smart textiles, and the wearable flexible displays as well as take the responsibility to bring these CPL-based chiral LCs and LC polymers into technological applications comprising the optical spintronics, optical information processing, quantum communications, and fundamental breakthrough in the advanced chiral functional nanomaterials using the concepts of physics, chemistry, materials science, optics, electronics, display, and other interdisciplinary fields.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Jiao Liu: Writing – original draft (lead). Zhen-Peng Song: Software (equal); validation (equal); visualization (equal); writing – original draft (supporting). Lu-Yao Sun: Software (equal); visualization (equal); writing – original draft (equal). Bing-Xiang Li: Funding acquisition (lead); project administration (lead). Yan-Qing Lu: Project administration (lead). Quan Li: Project administration (lead); writing – review & editing (lead).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFA1405000), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Major Project (No. BK20212004), Jiangsu Innovation Team Program, and Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (No. NY222053).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Y. Chen, W. Du, Q. Zhang, O. Ávalos‐Ovando, J. Wu, Q.‐H. Xu, N. Liu, H. Okamoto, A. O. Govorov, Q. Xiong, C.‐W. Qiu, Nat. Rev. Phys. 2021, 4, 113.
D. Vila‐Liarte, N. A. Kotov, L. M. Liz‐Marzan, Chem. Sci. 2022, 13, 595.
F. P. Milton, J. Govan, M. V. Mukhina, Y. K. Gun’ko, Nanoscale Horiz. 2016, 1, 14.
L. D. Barron, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1986, 15, 189.
W. H. De Camp, Chirality 1989, 1, 97.
J. Mun, M. Kim, Y. Yang, T. Badloe, J. Ni, Y. Chen, C.‐W. Qiu, J. Rho, Light Sci. Appl. 2020, 9, 139.
W. H. Brooks, W. C. Guida, K. G. Daniel, Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2011, 11, 760.
A. Nitti, D. Pasini, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1908021].
J. M. Ribó, Symmetry 2020, 12, 3.
K. Ariga, T. Mori, T. Kitao, T. Uemura, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: 1905657].
S.‐H. Yang, R. Naaman, Y. Paltiel, S. S. P. Parkin, Nat. Rev. Phys. 2021, 3, 328.
M. Liu, L. Zhang, T. Wang, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, [eLocator: 7304].
W. Wu, W. Hu, G. Qian, H. Liao, X. Xu, F. Berto, Mater. Des. 2019, 180, [eLocator: 107950].
W. A. Bonner, Origins Life Evol. Biospheres 1995, 25, 175.
H. Zhang, S. Li, A. Qu, C. Hao, M. Sun, L. Xu, C. Xu, H. Kuang, Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, [eLocator: 12937].
I. Dierking, Symmetry 2014, 6, 444.
P.‐T. Chiu, C.‐Y. Yang, Z.‐H. Xie, M.‐Y. Chang, Y.‐C. Hung, R.‐M. Ho, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2021, 9, [eLocator: 2002133].
V. K. Valev, J. J. Baumberg, C. Sibilia, T. Verbiest, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, [eLocator: 2517].
Y. Luo, C. Chi, M. Jiang, R. Li, S. Zu, Y. Li, Z. Fang, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2017, 5, [eLocator: 1700040].
X. Zhang, Y. Xu, C. Valenzuela, X. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Feng, Q. Li, Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 223.
M. J. Urban, C. Shen, X.‐T. Kong, C. Zhu, A. O. Govorov, Q. Wang, M. Hentschel, N. Liu, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2019, 70, 275.
Y. Y. Lee, R. M. Kim, S. W. Im, M. Balamurugan, K. T. Nam, Nanoscale 2020, 12, 58.
K. Saito, T. Tatsuma, Nano Lett. 2018, 18, [eLocator: 3209].
Y. Ru, L. Ai, T. Jia, X. Liu, S. Lu, Z. Tang, B. Yang, Nano Today 2020, 34, [eLocator: 100953].
L. Xiao, T. An, L. Wang, X. Xu, H. Sun, Nano Today 2020, 30, [eLocator: 100824].
K. Dietrich, D. Lehr, C. Helgert, A. Tunnermann, E. B. Kley, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, OP321.
N. A. Kotov, L. M. Liz‐Marzán, P. S. Weiss, ACS Nano 2021, 15, [eLocator: 12457].
A. Nemati, L. Querciagrossa, C. Callison, S. Shadpour, T. Mori, D. P. Nunes Gonçalves, X. Cui, R. Ai, J. Wang, C. Zannoni, T. Hegmann, Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, [eLocator: eabl4385].
A. Nemati, S. Shadpour, L. Querciagrossa, L. Li, T. Mori, M. Gao, C. Zannoni, T. Hegmann, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, [eLocator: 3908].
H.‐E. Lee, H.‐Y. Ahn, J. Mun, Y. Y. Lee, M. Kim, N. H. Cho, K. Chang, W. S. Kim, J. Rho, K. T. Nam, Nature 2018, 556, 360.
J. Yan, W. Feng, J.‐Y. Kim, J. Lu, P. Kumar, Z. Mu, X. Wu, X. Mao, N. A. Kotov, Chem. Mater. 2019, 32, 476.
X. Lan, X. Lu, C. Shen, Y. Ke, W. Ni, Q. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 457.
J. Lu, Y. Xue, N. A. Kotov, Isr. J. Chem. 2021, 61, 851.
J. Zhu, F. Wu, Z. Han, Y. Shang, F. Liu, H. Yu, L. Yu, N. Li, B. Ding, Nano Lett. 2021, 21, [eLocator: 3573].
A. Kuzyk, R. Schreiber, H. Zhang, A. O. Govorov, T. Liedl, N. Liu, Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 862.
Q. Jiang, X. Xu, P.‐A. Yin, K. Ma, Y. Zhen, P. Duan, Q. Peng, W.‐Q. Chen, B. Ding, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, [eLocator: 9490].
A. D. Merg, J. C. Boatz, A. Mandal, G. Zhao, S. Mokashi‐Punekar, C. Liu, X. Wang, P. Zhang, P. C. A. van der Wel, N. L. Rosi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, [eLocator: 13655].
D. P. N. Gonçalves, M. E. Prévôt, Ş. Üstünel, T. Ogolla, A. Nemati, S. Shadpour, T. Hegmann, Liq. Cryst. Rev. 2021, 9, 1.
L. Wang, A. M. Urbas, Q. Li, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1801335].
J. Uchida, B. Soberats, M. Gupta, T. Kato, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, [eLocator: e2109063].
H. K. Bisoyi, Q. Li, Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, [eLocator: 15089].
T. Kato, M. Yoshio, T. Ichikawa, B. Soberats, H. Ohno, M. Funahashi, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2017, 2, [eLocator: 17001].
S. Sergeyev, W. Pisula, Y. H. Geerts, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36, [eLocator: 1902].
N. Tamaoki, Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, [eLocator: 1135].
M. Wang, C. Zou, J. Sun, L. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Xiao, F. Li, P. Song, H. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, [eLocator: 1702261].
W. Hu, L. Wang, M. Wang, T. Zhong, Q. Wang, L. Zhang, F. Chen, K. Li, Z. Miao, D. Yang, H. Yang, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, [eLocator: 1440].
L. Wang, Q. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 10.
T.‐H. Lin, Y. Li, C.‐T. Wang, H.‐C. Jau, C.‐W. Chen, C.‐C. Li, H. K. Bisoyi, T. J. Bunning, Q. Li, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, [eLocator: 5050].
H. Kikuchi, M. Yokota, Y. Hisakado, H. Yang, T. Kajiyama, Nat. Mater. 2002, 1, 64.
D. Grzelak, P. Szustakiewicz, C. Tollan, S. Raj, P. Kral, W. Lewandowski, L. M. Liz‐Marzan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, [eLocator: 18814].
M. Baginski, M. Tupikowska, G. Gonzalez‐Rubio, M. Wojcik, W. Lewandowski, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1904581].
J. J. Lee, B. C. Kim, H. J. Choi, S. Bae, F. Araoka, S. W. Choi, ACS Nano 2020, 14, [eLocator: 5243].
P. Lesiak, K. Bednarska, W. Lewandowski, M. Wojcik, S. Polakiewicz, M. Baginski, T. Osuch, K. Markowski, K. Orzechowski, M. Makowski, J. Bolek, T. R. Wolinski, ACS Nano 2019, 13, [eLocator: 10154].
W. Lewandowski, N. Vaupotic, D. Pociecha, E. Gorecka, L. M. Liz‐Marzan, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1905591].
W. Park, T. Ha, T.‐T. Kim, A. Zep, H. Ahn, T. J. Shin, K. I. Sim, T. S. Jung, J. H. Kim, D. Pociecha, E. Gorecka, D. K. Yoon, NPG Asia Mater. 2019, 11, 1.
S. Maniappan, A. B. Jadhav, J. Kumar, Front. Chem. 2020, 8, [eLocator: 557650].
R. Dreher, G. Meier, A. Saupe, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2007, 13, 17.
M. Nakata, D. R. Link, F. Araoka, J. Thisayukta, Y. Takanishi, K. Ishikawa, J. Watanabe, H. Takezoe, Liq. Cryst. 2010, 28, [eLocator: 1301].
M. Xu, C. Ma, J. Zhou, Y. Liu, X. Wu, S. Luo, W. Li, H. Yu, Y. Wang, Z. Chen, J. Li, S. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, [eLocator: 13794].
D. M. Lee, J. W. Song, Y. J. Lee, C. J. Yu, J. H. Kim, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, [eLocator: 1705692].
J. Gong, X. Zhang, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022, 453, [eLocator: 214329].
J. R. Brandt, X. Wang, Y. Yang, A. J. Campbell, M. J. Fuchter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, [eLocator: 9743].
F. Song, Z. Zhao, Z. Liu, J. W. Y. Lam, B. Z. Tang, J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, [eLocator: 3284].
S. Koga, S. Ueki, M. Shimada, R. Ishii, Y. Kurihara, Y. Yamanoi, J. Yuasa, T. Kawai, T. A. Uchida, M. Iwamura, K. Nozaki, H. Nishihara, J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, [eLocator: 6108].
H. Zheng, W. Li, W. Li, X. Wang, Z. Tang, S. X. Zhang, Y. Xu, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, [eLocator: e1705948].
B. Ni, Y. Li, W. Liu, B. Li, H. Li, Y. Yang, Chem. Commun. 2021, 57, [eLocator: 2796].
X. Jin, Y. Sang, Y. Shi, Y. Li, X. Zhu, P. Duan, M. Liu, ACS Nano 2019, 13, [eLocator: 2804].
J. Han, S. Guo, H. Lu, S. Liu, Q. Zhao, W. Huang, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2018, 6, [eLocator: 1800538].
Y. Sang, D. Yang, Z. Shen, P. Duan, M. Liu, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2020, 124, [eLocator: 17274].
K. Dhbaibi, L. Abella, S. Meunier‐Della‐Gatta, T. Roisnel, N. Vanthuyne, B. Jamoussi, G. Pieters, B. Racine, E. Quesnel, J. Autschbach, J. Crassous, L. Favereau, Chem. Sci. 2021, 12, [eLocator: 5522].
Y. He, S. Lin, J. Guo, Q. Li, Aggregate 2021, 2, [eLocator: e141].
S. Liu, Y. Chen, W. Xu, Q. Zhao, W. Huang, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2012, 33, 461.
G. Muller, Dalton Trans. 2009, [eLocator: 9692].
K. Takaishi, K. Iwachido, T. Ema, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, [eLocator: 1774].
L. Wang, L. Yin, W. Zhang, X. Zhu, M. Fujiki, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, [eLocator: 13218].
Y. Yang, R. C. da Costa, M. J. Fuchter, A. J. Campbell, Nat. Photonics 2013, 7, 634.
J. C. Weaver, G. W. Milliron, A. Miserez, K. Evans‐Lutterodt, S. Herrera, I. Gallana, W. J. Mershon, P. Zavattieri, E. DiMasi, D. Kisailus, Science 2012, 44, [eLocator: 9692].
I. M. Daly, M. J. How, J. C. Partridge, S. E. Temple, N. J. Marshall, T. W. Cronin, N. W. Roberts, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, [eLocator: 12140].
S. Vignolini, P. J. Rudall, A. V. Rowland, A. Reed, E. Moyroud, R. B. Faden, J. J. Baumberg, B. J. Glover, U. Steiner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, [eLocator: 15712].
A. Matranga, S. Baig, J. Boland, C. Newton, T. Taphouse, G. Wells, S. Kitson, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 520.
W. Li, Z. J. Coppens, L. V. Besteiro, W. Wang, A. O. Govorov, J. Valentine, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, [eLocator: 8379].
J. Hwang, M. H. Song, B. Park, S. Nishimura, T. Toyooka, J. W. Wu, Y. Takanishi, K. Ishikawa, H. Takezoe, Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 383.
J. T. Collins, C. Kuppe, D. C. Hooper, C. Sibilia, M. Centini, V. K. Valev, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2017, 5, [eLocator: 1700182].
Y. Deng, M. Wang, Y. Zhuang, S. Liu, W. Huang, Q. Zhao, Light Sci. Appl. 2021, 10, 76.
Y. Wang, J. Shi, J. Chen, W. Zhu, E. Baranoff, J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, [eLocator: 7993].
X. Yang, X. Jin, T. Zhao, P. Duan, Mater. Chem. Front. 2021, 5, [eLocator: 4821].
C.‐T. Wang, K. Chen, P. Xu, F. Yeung, H.‐S. Kwok, G. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, [eLocator: 1903155].
D. Han, X. Yang, J. Han, J. Zhou, T. Jiao, P. Duan, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, [eLocator: 5659].
J. Liu, Y. Molard, M. E. Prevot, T. Hegmann, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, [eLocator: 29398].
B. A. San Jose, S. Matsushita, K. Akagi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, [eLocator: 19795].
W. Wei, M. A. Farooq, H. Xiong, Langmuir 2021, 37, [eLocator: 11922].
H. Yamamoto, T. Inagaki, J. Park, S. Yoshida, K. Kaneko, T. Hanasaki, K. Akagi, Macromolecules 2021, 54, [eLocator: 8977].
Y. Sang, J. Han, T. Zhao, P. Duan, M. Liu, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1900110].
J. Y. Kim, J. Yeom, G. Zhao, H. Calcaterra, J. Munn, P. Zhang, N. Kotov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, [eLocator: 11739].
F. Zinna, M. Pasini, F. Galeotti, C. Botta, L. Di Bari, U. Giovanella, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, [eLocator: 1603719].
Z. Liu, J. Ai, P. Kumar, E. You, X. Zhou, X. Liu, Z. Tian, P. Bour, Y. Duan, L. Han, N. A. Kotov, S. Ding, S. Che, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, [eLocator: 15226].
P.‐C. Lin, S. Lin, P. C. Wang, R. Sridhar, Biotechnol. Adv. 2014, 32, 711.
M. Schulz, J. Zablocki, O. S. Abdullaeva, S. Bruck, F. Balzer, A. Lutzen, O. Arteaga, M. Schiek, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, [eLocator: 2413].
A. H. G. David, R. Casares, J. M. Cuerva, A. G. Campana, V. Blanco, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, [eLocator: 18064].
X.‐M. Chen, S. Zhang, X. Chen, Q. Li, ChemPhotoChem 2022, 6, [eLocator: e202100256].
S. Huo, P. Duan, T. Jiao, Q. Peng, M. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, [eLocator: 12174].
M. Xu, X. Wu, Y. Yang, C. Ma, W. Li, H. Yu, Z. Chen, J. Li, K. Zhang, S. Liu, ACS Nano 2020, 14, [eLocator: 11130].
Y. Nagata, T. Nishikawa, M. Suginome, Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, [eLocator: 9951].
E. M. Sanchez‐Carnerero, F. Moreno, B. L. Maroto, A. R. Agarrabeitia, M. J. Ortiz, B. G. Vo, G. Muller, S. de la Moya, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, [eLocator: 3346].
X. Shang, I. Song, H. Ohtsu, Y. H. Lee, T. Zhao, T. Kojima, J. H. Jung, M. Kawano, J. H. Oh, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, [eLocator: 1605828].
Q. Zhao, C. Huang, F. Li, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 40, [eLocator: 2508].
Q. Zhao, F. Li, C. Huang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 39, [eLocator: 3007].
Y. Zhuang, S. Guo, Y. Deng, S. Liu, Q. Zhao, Chem. Asian J. 2019, 14, [eLocator: 3791].
Y. H. Kim, Y. Zhai, E. A. Gaulding, S. N. Habisreutinger, T. Moot, B. A. Rosales, H. Lu, A. Hazarika, R. Brunecky, L. M. Wheeler, J. J. Berry, M. C. Beard, J. M. Luther, ACS Nano 2020, 14, [eLocator: 8816].
Y. Gao, C. Ren, X. Lin, T. He, Front. Chem. 2020, 8, 458.
Y. Chen, P. Lu, Z. Li, Y. Yuan, Q. Ye, H. Zhang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, [eLocator: 56604].
K. Yao, Y. Shen, Y. Li, X. Li, Y. Quan, Y. Cheng, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 598.
J. Han, P. Duan, X. Li, M. Liu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, [eLocator: 9783].
M. Mitov, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, [eLocator: 6260].
N. Lu, X. Gao, M. Pan, B. Zhao, J. Deng, Macromolecules 2020, 53, [eLocator: 8041].
F. Wang, W. Ji, P. Yang, C.‐L. Feng, ACS Nano 2019, 13, [eLocator: 7281].
X. Yang, X. Lin, Y. Zhao, Y. S. Zhao, D. Yan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, [eLocator: 7853].
J. Zhang, Q. Liu, W. Wu, J. Peng, H. Zhang, F. Song, B. He, X. Wang, H. H. Sung, M. Chen, B. S. Li, S. H. Liu, J. W. Y. Lam, B. Z. Tang, ACS Nano 2019, 13, [eLocator: 3618].
L. E. Hough, H. T. Jung, D. Krüerke, M. S. Heberling, M. Nakata, C. D. Jones, D. Chen, D. R. Link, J. Zasadzinski, G. Heppke, J. P. Rabe, W. Stocker, E. Körblova, D. M. Walba, M. A. Glaser, N. A. Clark, Science 2009, 325, 456.
E. Tsai, J. M. Richardson, E. Korblova, M. Nakata, D. Chen, Y. Shen, R. Shao, N. A. Clark, D. M. Walba, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, [eLocator: 5254].
T. Kato, J. Uchida, T. Ichikawa, T. Sakamoto, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, [eLocator: 4355].
H. K. Bisoyi, Q. Li, Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, [eLocator: 4887].
H. K. Bisoyi, Q. Li, Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, [eLocator: 3184].
S. Tokunaga, Y. Itoh, Y. Yaguchi, H. Tanaka, F. Araoka, H. Takezoe, T. Aida, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, [eLocator: 4077].
C. D. Edgar, D. G. Gray, Cellulose 2001, 8, 5.
A. Ryabchun, A. Bobrovsky, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2018, 6, [eLocator: 1800335].
L. Zhu, C.‐T. Xu, P. Chen, Y.‐H. Zhang, S.‐J. Liu, Q. M. Chen, S.‐J. Ge, W. Hu, Y.‐Q. Lu, Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 135.
W. D. St John, W. J. Fritz, Z. J. Lu, D. Yang, Phys. Rev. E 1995, 51, [eLocator: 1191].
J. Xiang, Y. Li, Q. Li, D. A. Paterson, J. M. D. Storey, C. T. Imrie, O. D. Lavrentovich, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, [eLocator: 3014].
L.‐L. Ma, C.‐Y. Li, J.‐T. Pan, Y.‐E. Ji, C. Jiang, R. Zheng, Z.‐Y. Wang, Y. Wang, B.‐X. Li, Y.‐Q. Lu, Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 270.
R. Dreher, G. Meier, Phys. Rev. A 1973, 8, [eLocator: 1616].
Y. Yang, L. Wang, H. Yang, Q. Li, Small Sci. 2021, 1, [eLocator: 2100007].
P. Chen, L.‐L. Ma, W. Hu, Z.‐X. Shen, H. K. Bisoyi, S.‐B. Wu, S.‐J. Ge, Q. Li, Y.‐Q. Lu, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, [eLocator: 2518].
L. Ma, C. Li, L. Sun, Z. Song, Y. Lu, B. Li, Photonics Res. 2022, 10, 786.
X. Zhan, F.‐F. Xu, Z. Zhou, Y. Yan, J. Yao, Y. S. Zhao, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, [eLocator: e2104418].
H. K. Bisoyi, T. J. Bunning, Q. Li, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, [eLocator: e1706512].
L. Zhang, L. Wang, U. S. Hiremath, H. K. Bisoyi, G. G. Nair, C. V. Yelamaggad, A. M. Urbas, T. J. Bunning, Q. Li, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, [eLocator: 1700676].
Z.‐G. Zheng, Y. Li, H. K. Bisoyi, L. Wang, T. J. Bunning, Q. Li, Nature 2016, 531, 352.
L. Ma, C. Liu, S. Wu, P. Chen, Q. Chen, J. Qian, S. Ge, Y. Wu, W. Hu, Y. Lu, Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, [eLocator: eabh3505].
Liquid Crystals beyond Displays (Ed: Q. Li), Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA 2012.
J. Li, H. K. Bisoyi, J. Tian, J. Guo, Q. Li, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, [eLocator: 1807751].
C. A. Emeis, L. J. Oosterhoff, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1967, 1, 129.
J. L. Lunkley, D. Shirotani, K. Yamanari, S. Kaizaki, G. Mulle, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, [eLocator: 13814].
F. Zinna, L. Di Bari, Chirality 2015, 27, 1.
R. Carr, N. H. Evans, D. Parker, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, [eLocator: 7673].
J. Chen, X. Gao, Q. Zheng, J. Liu, D. Meng, H. Li, R. Cai, H. Fan, Y. Ji, X. Wu, ACS Nano 2021, 15, [eLocator: 15114].
Y. Shi, P. Duan, S. Huo, Y. Li, M. Liu, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, [eLocator: e1705011].
U. Tohgha, K. K. Deol, A. G. Porter, S. G. Bartko, J. K. Choi, B. M. Leonard, K. Varga, J. Kubelka, G. Muller, M. Balaz, ACS Nano 2013, 7, [eLocator: 11094].
J. Kumar, T. Kawai, T. Nakashima, Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, [eLocator: 1269].
M. Naito, K. Iwahori, A. Miura, M. Yamane, I. Yamashita, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, [eLocator: 7006].
J. Ahn, E. Lee, J. Tan, W. Yang, B. Kim, J. Moon, Mater. Horiz. 2017, 4, 851.
S. Jiang, N. A. Kotov, Adv. Mater. 2022, [eLocator: e2108431].
D. B. Mitzi, Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, [eLocator: 3033].
D. Han, C. Li, C. Jiang, X. Jin, X. Wang, R. Chen, J. Cheng, P. Duan, Aggregate 2021, 3, [eLocator: e148].
S. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Wu, D. Zhang, Y. Wu, H. Tian, Z. Zheng, W.‐H. Zhu, Matter 2022, 5, [eLocator: 2319].
X. Cheng, D. Tu, W. Zheng, X. Chen, Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, [eLocator: 15118].
J. Zhou, Q. Liu, W. Feng, Y. Sun, F. Li, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 395.
T.‐A. Lin, C. F. Perkinson, M. A. Baldo, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1908175].
X. Li, F. Zhang, D. Zhao, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, [eLocator: 1346].
B. Chen, F. Wang, Trends Chem. 2020, 2, 427.
S. Han, R. Deng, X. Xie, X. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, [eLocator: 11702].
S. Wu, H. J. Butt, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, [eLocator: 1208].
Y. Wang, S. Song, S. Zhang, H. Zhang, Nano Today 2019, 25, 38.
Z. Zhang, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, Small 2022, 18, [eLocator: e2103241].
L. Wang, H. Dong, Y. Li, R. Liu, Y.‐F. Wang, H. K. Bisoyi, L.‐D. Sun, C.‐H. Yan, Q. Li, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, [eLocator: 2065].
C. Li, P. Duan, Chem. Lett. 2021, 50, 546.
Y. Wei, Z. Cheng, J. Lin, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 310.
S. Liang, M. Zhang, G. M. Biesold, W. Choi, Y. He, Z. Li, D. Shen, Z. Lin, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, [eLocator: e2005888].
H. Dong, S.‐R. Du, X.‐Y. Zheng, G.‐M. Lyu, L.‐D. Sun, L.‐D. Li, P.‐Z. Zhang, C. Zhang, C.‐H. Yan, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, [eLocator: 10725].
S. De Camillis, P. Ren, Y. Cao, M. Ploschner, D. Denkova, X. Zheng, Y. Lu, J. A. Piper, Nanoscale 2020, 12, [eLocator: 20347].
Y. Zhang, X. Zhu, Y. Zhang, ACS Nano 2021, 15, [eLocator: 3709].
X. Yang, M. Zhou, Y. Wang, P. Duan, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e2000820].
X. Gao, X. Qin, X. Yang, Y. Li, P. Duan, Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, [eLocator: 5914].
J. Kumar, T. Nakashima, T. Kawai, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, [eLocator: 3445].
E. M. Sánchez‐Carnerero, A. R. Agarrabeitia, F. Moreno, B. L. Maroto, G. Muller, M. J. Ortiz, S. de la Moya, Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, [eLocator: 13488].
K. Matsumoto, Y. Toubaru, S. Tachikawa, A. Miki, K. Sakai, S. Koroki, T. Hirokane, M. Shindo, M. Yoshida, J. Org. Chem. 2020, 85, [eLocator: 15154].
E. Yashima, N. Ousaka, D. Taura, K. Shimomura, T. Ikai, K. Maeda, Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, [eLocator: 13752].
Z.‐L. Gong, X. Zhu, Z. Zhou, S.‐W. Zhang, D. Yang, B. Zhao, Y.‐P. Zhang, J. Deng, Y. Cheng, Y.‐X. Zheng, S.‐Q. Zang, H. Kuang, P. Duan, M. Yuan, C.‐F. Chen, Y. S. Zhao, Y.‐W. Zhong, B. Z. Tang, M. Liu, Sci. China Chem. 2021, 64, [eLocator: 2060].
S. J. D. Lugger, S. J. A. Houben, Y. Foelen, M. G. Debije, A. Schenning, D. J. Mulder, Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, [eLocator: 4946].
J. Sol, H. Sentjens, L. Yang, N. Grossiord, A. Schenning, M. G. Debije, Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, [eLocator: e2103309].
H. K. Bisoyi, Q. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, [eLocator: 2994].
J. Bao, R. Lan, C. Shen, R. Huang, Z. Wang, W. Hu, L. Zhang, H. Yang, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2021, 10, [eLocator: 2101910].
K. V. Le, H. Takezoe, F. Araoka, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, [eLocator: 1602737].
L. Tran, M. O. Lavrentovich, D. A. Beller, N. Li, K. J. Stebe, R. D. Kamien, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113, [eLocator: 7106].
D. K. Yoon, Y. Yi, Y. Shen, E. D. Korblova, D. M. Walba, I. I. Smalyukh, N. A. Clark, Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, [eLocator: 1962].
H. Kim, S. Lee, T. J. Shin, Y. J. Cha, E. Korblova, D. M. Walba, N. A. Clark, S. B. Lee, D. K. Yoon, Soft Matter 2013, 9, [eLocator: 6185].
S. Lee, H. Kim, T. J. Shin, E. Tsai, J. M. Richardson, E. Korblova, D. M. Walba, N. A. Clark, S. B. Lee, D. K. Yoon, Soft Matter 2015, 11, [eLocator: 3653].
S. H. Ryu, H. Kim, S. Lee, Y. J. Cha, T. J. Shin, H. Ahn, E. Korblova, D. M. Walba, N. A. Clark, S. B. Lee, D. K. Yoon, Soft Matter 2015, 11, [eLocator: 7778].
M. J. Gim, H. Kim, D. Chen, Y. Shen, Y. Yi, E. Korblova, D. M. Walba, N. A. Clark, D. K. Yoon, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, [eLocator: 29111].
D. Chen, J. E. Maclennan, R. Shao, D. K. Yoon, H. Wang, E. Korblova, D. M. Walba, M. A. Glaser, N. A. Clark, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, [eLocator: 12656].
J. Matraszek, N. Topnani, N. Vaupotic, H. Takezoe, J. Mieczkowski, D. Pociecha, E. Gorecka, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, [eLocator: 3468].
C. Zhu, C. Wang, A. Young, F. Liu, I. Gunkel, D. Chen, D. Walba, J. Maclennan, N. Clark, A. Hexemer, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, [eLocator: 3420].
K. Kim, H. Kim, S. Y. Jo, F. Araoka, D. K. Yoon, S. W. Choi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, [eLocator: 22686].
W. Park, J. M. Wolska, D. Pociecha, E. Gorecka, D. K. Yoon, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, [eLocator: 1901399].
B. C. Kim, H. J. Choi, J. J. Lee, F. Araoka, S. W. Choi, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, [eLocator: 1903246].
S. Shadpour, A. Nemati, J. Liu, T. Hegmann, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, [eLocator: 13456].
C. Duan, Z. Cheng, B. Wang, J. Zeng, J. Xu, J. Li, W. Gao, K. Chen, Small 2021, 17, [eLocator: e2007306].
J. Liu, S. Shadpour, M. E. Prevot, M. Chirgwin, A. Nemati, E. Hegmann, R. P. Lemieux, T. Hegmann, ACS Nano 2021, 15, [eLocator: 7249].
C. Zhang, N. Diorio, O. D. Lavrentovich, A. Jakli, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, [eLocator: 3302].
C. Zhu, D. Chen, Y. Shen, C. D. Jones, M. A. Glaser, J. E. Maclennan, N. A. Clark, Phys. Rev. E 2010, 81, [eLocator: 011704].
B.‐X. Li, R.‐L. Xiao, S. V. Shiyanovskii, O. D. Lavrentovich, Phys. Rev. Res. 2020, 2, [eLocator: 013178].
B.‐X. Li, V. Borshch, R.‐L. Xiao, S. Paladugu, T. Turiv, S. V. Shiyanovskii, O. D. Lavrentovich, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, [eLocator: 2912].
Y. Zhang, H. Li, Z. Geng, W.‐H. Zheng, Y. Quan, Y. Cheng, ACS Nano 2022, 16, [eLocator: 3173].
T. Ikai, M. Okubo, Y. Wada, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 6, 1.
L. Li, M. Salamonczyk, A. Jakli, T. Hegmann, Small 2016, 12, [eLocator: 3944].
L. Li, M. Salamonczyk, S. Shadpour, C. Zhu, A. Jakli, T. Hegmann, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 714.
J. Luo, Z. Xie, J. W. Lam, L. Cheng, H. Chen, C. Qiu, H. S. Kwok, X. Zhan, Y. Liu, D. Zhu, B. Z. Tang, Chem. Commun. 2001, 21, [eLocator: 1740].
J. Han, J. You, X. Li, P. Duan, M. Liu, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, [eLocator: 9783].
T. Ikeda, M. Takayama, J. Kumar, T. Kawai, T. Haino, Dalton Trans. 2015, 44, [eLocator: 13156].
J.‐B. Xiong, H.‐T. Feng, J.‐P. Sun, W.‐Z. Xie, D. Yang, M. Liu, Y.‐S. Zheng, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, [eLocator: 11469].
S. Zhang, Y. Sheng, G. Wei, Y. Quan, Y. Cheng, C. Zhu, Polym. Chem. 2015, 6, [eLocator: 2416].
Q. Xia, L. Meng, T. He, G. Huang, B. S. Li, B. Z. Tang, ACS Nano 2021, 15, [eLocator: 4956].
C. Zhang, S. Li, X.‐Y. Dong, S.‐Q. Zang, Aggregate 2021, 2, [eLocator: e48].
J. Roose, B. Z. Tang, K. S. Wong, Small 2016, 12, [eLocator: 6495].
Y. Hong, J. W. Lam, B. Z. Tang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, [eLocator: 5361].
D. Zhao, F. Fan, J. Cheng, Y. Zhang, K. S. Wong, V. G. Chigrinov, H. S. Kwok, L. Guo, B. Z. Tang, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2015, 3, 199.
J. Mei, N. L. C. Leung, R. T. K. Kwok, J. W. Y. Lam, B. Z. Tang, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, [eLocator: 11718].
Y. Hong, J. W. Y. Lam, B. Z. Tang, Chem. Comm. 2009, 45, [eLocator: 4332].
J. Li, J. Wang, H. Li, N. Song, D. Wang, B. Z. Tang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, [eLocator: 1144].
S. Lee, H. Kim, E. Tsai, J. M. Richardson, E. Korblova, D. M. Walba, N. A. Clark, S. B. Lee, D. K. Yoon, Langmuir 2015, 31, [eLocator: 8156].
Z.‐W. Luo, L. Tao, C.‐L. Zhong, Z.‐X. Li, K. Lan, Y. Feng, P. Wang, H.‐L. Xie, Macromolecules 2020, 53, [eLocator: 9758].
X. Li, W. Hu, Y. Wang, Y. Quan, Y. Cheng, Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, [eLocator: 5179].
X. Li, Q. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Quan, D. Chen, Y. Cheng, Chemistry 2018, 24, [eLocator: 12607].
Y. Wu, L. H. You, Z.‐Q. Yu, J.‐H. Wang, Z. Meng, Y. Liu, X.‐S. Li, K. Fu, X.‐K. Ren, B. Z. Tang, ACS Mater. Lett. 2020, 2, 505.
D. Zhao, H. He, X. Gu, L. Guo, K. S. Wong, J. W. Y. Lam, B. Z. Tang, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2016, 4, 534.
M. Mitov, C. Portet, C. Bourgerette, E. Snoeck, M. Verelst, Nat. Mater. 2002, 1, 229.
L. Wang, W. He, X. Xiao, F. Meng, Y. Zhang, P. Yang, L. Wang, J. Xiao, H. Yang, Y. Lu, Small 2012, 8, [eLocator: 2189].
K. Zhou, H. K. Bisoyi, J.‐Q. Jin, C.‐L. Yuan, Z. Liu, D. Shen, Y.‐Q. Lu, Z.‐G. Zheng, W. Zhang, Q. Li, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, [eLocator: 1800237].
F. Castles, F. V. Day, S. M. Morris, D. H. Ko, D. J. Gardiner, M. M. Qasim, S. Nosheen, P. J. Hands, S. S. Choi, R. H. Friend, H. J. Coles, Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 599.
F. Castles, S. M. Morris, J. M. Hung, M. M. Qasim, A. D. Wright, S. Nosheen, S. S. Choi, B. I. Outram, S. J. Elston, C. Burgess, L. Hill, T. D. Wilkinson, H. J. Coles, Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 817.
K. G. Gutierrez‐Cuevas, L. Wang, Z.‐G. Zheng, H. K. Bisoyi, G. Li, L.‐S. Tan, R. A. Vaia, Q. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, [eLocator: 13090].
S. H. Jung, J. Jeon, H. Kim, J. Jaworski, J. H. Jung, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, [eLocator: 6446].
P. Szustakiewicz, N. Kowalska, D. Grzelak, T. Narushima, M. Gora, M. Baginski, D. Pociecha, H. Okamoto, L. M. Liz‐Marzan, W. Lewandowski, ACS Nano 2020, 14, [eLocator: 12918].
Y. Xu, X. Wang, W. L. Zhang, F. Lv, S. Guo, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 586.
H. Al‐Bustami, B. P. Bloom, A. Ziv, S. Goldring, S. Yochelis, R. Naaman, D. H. Waldeck, Y. Paltiel, Nano Lett. 2020, 20, [eLocator: 8675].
R. Xiong, S. Yu, M. J. Smith, J. Zhou, M. Krecker, L. Zhang, D. Nepal, T. J. Bunning, V. V. Tsukruk, ACS Nano 2019, 13, [eLocator: 9074].
N. Suzuki, Y. Wang, P. Elvati, Z. B. Qu, K. Kim, S. Jiang, E. Baumeister, J. Lee, B. Yeom, J. H. Bahng, J. Lee, A. Violi, N. A. Kotov, ACS Nano 2016, 10, [eLocator: 1744].
T.‐D. Nguyen, W. Y. Hamad, M. J. MacLachlan, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 777.
R. Kumar, K. K. Raina, Liq. Cryst. 2016, 43, 994.
Z. Li, L. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Feng, W. Feng, Mater. Chem. Front. 2019, 3, [eLocator: 2571].
H. Zheng, B. Ju, X. Wang, W. Wang, M. Li, Z. Tang, S. X.‐A. Zhang, Y. Xu, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2018, 6, [eLocator: 1801246].
Z. Li, L. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Feng, W. Feng, Compos. Sci. Technol. 2019, 179, 10.
F. Li, Y. Li, X. Yang, X. Han, Y. Jiao, T. Wei, D. Yang, H. Xu, G. Nie, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, [eLocator: 2377].
F. Li, S. Li, X. Guo, Y. Dong, C. Yao, Y. Liu, Y. Song, X. Tan, L. Gao, D. Yang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, [eLocator: 11087].
S. Kang, G. M. Biesold, H. Lee, D. Bukharina, Z. Lin, V. V. Tsukruk, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, [eLocator: 2104596].
A. Doring, E. Ushakova, A. L. Rogach, Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 75.
V. Kuznetsova, Y. Gromova, M. Martinez‐Carmona, F. Purcell‐Milton, E. Ushakova, S. Cherevkov, V. Maslov, Y. K. Gun’ko, Nanophotonics 2020, 10, 797.
A. Bobrovsky, K. Mochalov, V. Oleinikov, A. Sukhanova, A. Prudnikau, M. Artemyev, V. Shibaev, I. Nabiev, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, [eLocator: 6216].
B. Zhang, J. Schmidtke, H.‐S. Kitzerow, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, [eLocator: 1801766].
T. P. Fraccia, G. P. Smith, G. Zanchetta, E. Paraboschi, Y. Yi, D. M. Walba, G. Dieci, N. A. Clark, T. Bellini, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, [eLocator: 6424].
M. Giese, L. K. Blusch, M. K. Khan, M. J. MacLachlan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, [eLocator: 2888].
A. V. P. Silvestrini, A. L. Caron, J. Viegas, F. G. Praca, M. Bentley, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2020, 17, [eLocator: 1781].
Y. Habibi, L. A. Lucia, O. J. Rojas, Chem. Rev. 2009, 110, [eLocator: 3479].
O. Kose, A. Tran, L. Lewis, W. Y. Hamad, M. J. MacLachlan, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 510.
D. Klemm, B. Heublein, H. P. Fink, A. Bohn, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, [eLocator: 3358].
C. E. Boott, A. Tran, W. Y. Hamad, M. J. MacLachlan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 226.
R. Kadar, S. Spirk, T. Nypelo, ACS Nano 2021, 15, [eLocator: 7931].
Y. Cao, W. Y. Hamad, M. J. MacLachlan, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2018, 6, [eLocator: 1800412].
X. Wei, T. Lin, M. Duan, H. Du, X. Yin, Bioresources 2021, 16, [eLocator: 2116].
J. A. De La Cruz, Q. Liu, B. Senyuk, A. W. Frazier, K. Peddireddy, I. I. Smalyukh, ACS Photonics 2018, 5, [eLocator: 2468].
S. Zhao, Y. Yu, B. Zhang, P. Feng, C. Dang, M. Li, L. Zhao, L. Gao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, [eLocator: 59132].
B. A. San Jose, J. Yan, K. Akagi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, [eLocator: 10641].
Nanoscience with Liquid Crystals (Ed: Q. Li), Springer, Heidelberg, Germany 2014.
Y. Chen, P. Lu, Z. Li, Y. Yuan, H. Zhang, Polym. Chem. 2021, 12, [eLocator: 2572].
Y. Chen, P. Lu, Y. Yuan, H. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. C 2020, 8, [eLocator: 13632].
S. Fukao, M. Fujiki, Macromolecules 2009, 42, [eLocator: 8062].
J. Guo, H. Cao, J. Wei, D. Zhang, F. Liu, G. Pan, D. Zhao, W. He, H. Yang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, [eLocator: 201901].
C. He, Z. Feng, S. Shan, M. Wang, X. Chen, G. Zou, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, [eLocator: 1188].
C. Kulkarni, S. C. J. Meskers, A. R. A. Palmans, E. W. Meijer, Macromolecules 2018, 51, [eLocator: 5883].
M.‐C. Li, N. Ousaka, H. F. Wang, E. Yashima, R. M. Ho, ACS Macro Lett. 2017, 6, 980.
K. Watanabe, I. Osaka, S. Yorozuya, K. Akagi, Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, [eLocator: 1011].
Y. Yang, R. C. da Costa, D. M. Smilgies, A. J. Campbell, M. J. Fuchter, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, [eLocator: 2624].
Y. Zhao, L. Zhang, Z. He, G. Chen, D. Wang, H. Zhang, H. Yang, Liq. Cryst. 2015, 42, [eLocator: 1120].
Y. Chen, Z. Xu, W. Hu, X. Li, Y. Cheng, Y. Quan, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2021, 42, [eLocator: e2000548].
J. He, K. Bian, N. Li, G. Piao, J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, [eLocator: 9278].
A. Satrijo, S. C. J. Meskers, T. M. Swager, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, [eLocator: 9030].
Q. Liu, Q. Xia, S. Wang, B. S. Li, B. Z. Tang, J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, [eLocator: 4807].
H. Maeda, Y. Bando, Pure Appl. Chem. 2013, 85, [eLocator: 1967].
K. Watanabe, K. Akagi, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2014, 15, [eLocator: 044203].
L. Yang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, N. Li, Y. Quan, Y. Cheng, Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, [eLocator: 9663].
B. Zhao, K. Pan, J. Deng, Macromolecules 2018, 51, [eLocator: 7104].
B. Zhao, K. Pan, J. Deng, Macromolecules 2018, 52, 376.
S.‐K. Ahn, M. Gopinadhan, P. Deshmukh, R. K. Lakhman, C. O. Osuji, R. M. Kasi, Soft Matter 2012, 8, [eLocator: 3185].
X.‐F. Chen, Z. Shen, X.‐H. Wan, X.‐H. Fan, E.‐Q. Chen, Y. Ma, Q.‐F. Zhou, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, [eLocator: 3072].
M. A. Farooq, W. Wei, H. Xiong, Langmuir 2020, 36, [eLocator: 3072].
J. W. Goodby, A. J. Slaney, C. J. Booth, I. Nishiyama, J. D. Vuijk, P. Styring, K. J. Toyne, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. 2006, 243, 231.
M. Oda, H.‐G. Nothofer, G. Lieser, U. Scherf, S. C. J. Meskers, D. Neher, Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 5.
J. Yan, F. Ota, B. A. San Jose, K. Akagi, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, [eLocator: 1604529].
A. Juan, H. Sun, J. Qiao, J. Guo, Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, [eLocator: 13649].
F. Song, Z. Xu, Q. Zhang, Z. Zhao, H. Zhang, W. Zhao, Z. Qiu, C. Qi, H. Zhang, H. H. Y. Sung, I. D. Williams, J. W. Y. Lam, Z. Zhao, A. Qin, D. Ma, B. Z. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, [eLocator: 1800051].
N. Zhao, W. Gao, M. Zhang, J. Yang, X. Zheng, Y. Li, R. Cui, W. Yin, N. Li, Mater. Chem. Front. 2019, 3, [eLocator: 1613].
B. Xu, Z. Song, M. Zhang, Q. Zhang, L. Jiang, C. Xu, L. Zhong, C. Su, Q. Ban, C. Liu, F. Sun, Y. Zhang, Z. Chi, Z. Zhao, G. Shi, Chem. Sci. 2021, 12, [eLocator: 15556].
K. Akagi, T. Yamashita, K. Horie, M. Goh, M. Yamamoto, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1906665].
S. Matsushita, M. Kyotani, K. Akagi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, [eLocator: 17977].
Y. Cao, P.‐X. Wang, F. D'Acierno, W. Y. Hamad, C. A. Michal, M. J. MacLachlan, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, [eLocator: e1907376].
M. C. Heffern, L. M. Matosziuk, T. J. Meade, Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, [eLocator: 4496].
H. Maeda, Y. Bando, K. Shimomura, I. Yamada, M. Naito, K. Nobusawa, H. Tsumatori, T. Kawai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, [eLocator: 9266].
F. Zinna, U. Giovanella, L. Di Bari, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, [eLocator: 1791].
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
© 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescent (CPL) materials have received significant attention in the field of fundamental science recently. These materials offer substantial advancement of technological applications, such as optical data storage, displays, and quantum communication. Various strategies have been proposed in self‐assembled materials consisting of inorganic, organic, and hybrid systems, particularly in the chiral orientationally ordered soft matter systems (e.g., chiral liquid crystals (LCs) and LC polymers). However, developing scientific approaches to achieve the pronounced and steerable circularly polarized light emission remains challenging. Herein, we present a comprehensive review on the recent development of CPL materials based on chiral LCs, including thermotropic LCs (cholesteric LCs and bent‐core LCs), lyotropic LCs (nanocellulose LCs and polyacetylene‐based LCs), and LC polymers (cholesteric LC‐based polymers, helical nanofibers, and helical network). In addition, the fundamental mechanisms, design principles, and potential applications based on these chiral LCs and LC polymers in soft matter systems are systematically reviewed. This review summarizes with a prospect on the latent challenges, which can strengthen our understanding of the basic principles of CPL in chiral orientationally ordered soft matter systems and provide a new insight into the progress in several fields, such as chemistry, materials science, optics, electronics, and biology.
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
Details
; Lu, Yan‐Qing 2
; Li, Quan 3
1 College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
2 National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures & College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
3 Institute of Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China