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Abstract
Air insoles have provided insights for reducing the risk of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). The pressure time integral (PTI) is an effective assessment that considers the time effect in various physical activities. We investigated the interactions between three different insole inner pressures (80, 160, and 240 mmHg) and two walking durations (10 and 20 min). The big toe (T1), first metatarsal head (M1), and second metatarsal head (M2) were investigated in 13 healthy participants. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effects of each insole inner pressure significantly differed (P < 0.05) with a 10 min walking duration. The PTI values resulting from 80 mmHg in M2 (38.4 ± 3.8, P = 0.002) and 160 mmHg in M1 (44.3 ± 4.3, P = 0.027) were lower than those from 240 mmHg. Additionally, the paired t test showed that the effects of each walking duration were also considerably different at 160 mmHg. The PTI at 10 min was lower than that at 20 min in M1 (44.31 ± 4.31, P = 0.015) and M2 (47.14 ± 5.27, P = 0.047). Thus, we suggest that walking with a pressure of 160 mmHg for 10 min has a lower risk of DFU.
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1 Asia University, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Taichung, Taiwan (GRID:grid.252470.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9263 9645)
2 Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, School of Nursing, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (GRID:grid.444658.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0375 2195)
3 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Champaign, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
4 Feng Chia University, Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Taichung, Taiwan (GRID:grid.411298.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 4846)
5 Taipei Medical University, School of Public Health, New Taipei City, Taiwan (GRID:grid.412896.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9337 0481)
6 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Champaign, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991); Asia University, Department of Creative Product Design, Taichung, Taiwan (GRID:grid.252470.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9263 9645)