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Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome and alcohol consumption, along with the existing burden of viral hepatitis, could significantly heighten the impact of primary liver cancer. However, the specific effects of these factors in the Asia–Pacific region, which comprises more than half of the global population, remain largely unexplored. This study aims to analyze the epidemiology of primary liver cancer in the Asia–Pacific region. We evaluated regional and national data from the Global Burden of Disease study spanning 2010 to 2019 to assess the age-standardized incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years associated with primary liver cancer in the Asia–Pacific region. During the study period, there were an estimated 364,700 new cases of primary liver cancer and 324,100 deaths, accounting for 68 and 67% of the global totals, respectively. Upward trends were observed in the age-standardized incidence rates of primary liver cancer due to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) in the Asia–Pacific region, as well as an increase in primary liver cancer from Hepatitis B virus infection in the Western Pacific region. Notably, approximately 17% of new cases occurred in individuals aged 15–49 years. Despite an overall decline in the burden of primary liver cancer in the Asia–Pacific region over the past decade, increases in incidence were noted for several etiologies, including MASLD and ALD. However, viral hepatitis remains the leading cause, responsible for over 60% of the total burden. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address the rising burden of primary liver cancer in the Asia–Pacific region.
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1 Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, USA (GRID:grid.416992.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 3554)
2 Chiang Mai University, Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand (GRID:grid.7132.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9039 7662)
3 Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand (GRID:grid.7132.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9039 7662)
4 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X)
5 Weiss Memorial Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.461516.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0452 2957)
6 Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China (GRID:grid.460081.b); National Immunological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baise, China (GRID:grid.460081.b); Chiang Mai University, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand (GRID:grid.7132.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9039 7662)
7 University of Arizona College of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Phoenix, USA (GRID:grid.134563.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 186X); Banner University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Phoenix, USA (GRID:grid.413192.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0439 1934); BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, USA (GRID:grid.413192.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 8745)
8 Prince of Songkla University, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Songkhla, Thailand (GRID:grid.7130.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 1162)
9 Stanford University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Palo Alto, USA (GRID:grid.240952.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 8734 2732); Stanford University, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8956)
10 Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2296 1126); Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2296 1126)
11 NKC Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand (GRID:grid.7130.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 1162)