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Abstract
Heart rate, a measure of the frequency of the cardiac cycle, reflects the health of the cardiovascular system, metabolic rate, and activity of the autonomic nervous system. Whether changes in resting heart rate are related to lifespan has not yet been explored to our best knowledge. In this study, we examined the association between resting heart rate and lifespan using linear regression in the Paris Prospective Study I, the Whitehall I Study, and the Framingham Heart Study. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to relate changes in heart rate over years to mortality risk. We observed a statistically significant association between increases in resting heart rate over a 5-year period and risk of mortality in the Paris Prospective Study I (HR mortality per 10 bpm increase over time: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.27) and over an 8-year period in the Framingham Heart Study (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.19 for men and HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.15 for women), after adjusting for classical risk factors and resting heart rate. Our study shows that men and women who increase their resting heart rate over time increase their risk of mortality.
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1 Cheikh Anta Diop University, Alliance for Medical Research in Africa, Department of Medical Physiology, Dakar, Senegal (GRID:grid.8191.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2186 9619); Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Paris, France (GRID:grid.414093.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 5849); Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France (GRID:grid.462416.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0495 1460)
2 Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France (GRID:grid.462416.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0495 1460)
3 Boston University, Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558); Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, USA (GRID:grid.510954.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0444 3861)
4 University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1013.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 834X)
5 University College London, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
6 Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Paris, France (GRID:grid.414093.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 5849); Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France (GRID:grid.462416.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0495 1460)
7 Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558)
8 Boston University, Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558); Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, USA (GRID:grid.510954.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0444 3861); Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558)