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Introduction
Because of the global need for agricultural food items, many pesticides are now employed in agriculture; as a result, pesticide residues are a major hazard to human beings, animals, and the ecosystem [1, 2]. Pesticides, in general, serve an important role in agriculture, increasing crop output by eliminating insects, fungi, and other hazardous pests [3, 4]. Pesticides are sorted based on their composition, such as organophosphates, carbides, pyrethroids, organochlorine, and neonicotinoids [5]. According to their toxicity, certain pesticide classes are banned across the world such as organochlorine and organophosphate [6]. Organo-phosphorous (OP) pesticides was extremely hazardous to the environment and relatively risky to human health because of their relatively low persistence, which obstructs the activity of acetylcholinesterase and allows the acetyl chlorine remains active in synapse and which leads to the contraction of smooth muscles, slows the heart rate, disrupting the central nervous system and respiratory failure [7, 8]. OP toxicity is a significant issue in rural areas across the world. Medical treatment is challenging, and the rate of death exceeds 15% [9]. Significantly, fenitrothion (FT) is one of the organophosphate insecticides [10] which is a transformation product of organochloride compounds. It is used as an insecticide, chemical agent in war [11] household spray, horticulture, forestry, viticulture, and control of local plagues. The FT is highly toxic to birds, mammals, and aquatic life [12]. It is inexpensive and therefore used worldwide, commercially known as sumithion [13]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized OPs as harmful to public health [14]. According to the WHO, around 193,460 people died from pesticide poisoning in 2012, with roughly 86% of these deaths happening in low- to middle-income countries [15]. In 2016, the use of FT insecticide for plant production was banned by the New Zealand environmental protection agency (EPA). The recommended daily consumption of FT is 0.0005 mg/kg which was declared by the WHO [16]. It is now one of the most dangerous compounds, causing serious environmental damage. Therefore, monitoring FT level in the environment is necessary. Previously, several sensitive analytical techniques for FT determination were established such as fluorescent [17], colorimetry [18], and gas chromatography [19]. Moreover, these techniques are limited by several confines such as high cost, long time analysis, and not being environmentally friendly...