Problematic aspects of 20-th century antiparticles and their apparent resolution via isodual mathematics

Abstract

In this paper, we recall Dirac’s negative energy antiparticles, their compatibility with particle-antiparticle annihilation into light, and their lack of compatibility with special relativity as well as causality laws. We then recall the 20th-century positive energy antiparticles, their compatibility with special relativity and causality laws, but their incompatibility with annihilation into light, with ensuing problematic aspects for a true antimatter character of antiprotons, anti-Hydrogen atoms, and related gravity tests. We then review the isodual branch of hadronic mechanics whose isodual theory of antimatter: 1) Represents Dirac’s negative energy antiparticles without causality problems. 2) Admits special and general relativities due to the invariance of quantum axioms under the isoidual map. 3) Implies matter-antimatter antigravity at all levels. 4) Predicts the existence of the negative energy antiphoton. 5) Is compatible with existing experimental evidence on antiparticles. We suggest the conduction of resolutory tests on the gravity of well-established antiparticles, such as the positrons in horizontal flight in a supercooled vacuum tube. We conclude with the indication of intriguing open problems in antimatter, such as the possible expulsion of antiphotons by black holes following internal particle-antiparticle creation and annihilation.