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Résumé
The role of agriculture sector in the economic development in general as well as inrural development in particular is undeniable, especially in transforming/developingand agriculture-based economies. Agriculture is source of food security, increasingnational income, export earnings and poverty reduction. Vietnam is known as anemerging country with more than 70% population residing in rural areas, in whichemployment in agricultural production make up around 50%. The main productionunit of Vietnam agricultural sector is household which accounts for approximately98% among three types of production unit, i.e. enterprise, cooperative andhousehold. In reality, there are about 54% of rural households whose main incomesources come from agriculture-related activities. Despite the important role ofagricultural production, households’ access to credit in Vietnam remains aconfounding problems because of the nature of agricultural credit markets strictlycorrelating with typical characteristics of small-scale and traditional agriculturalproduction. Formal lenders are hesitant to lend to agricultural sector due to itsproduction-related risks. The agricultural loans offered by formal credit institutionsare limited in terms of quantity and size. It is the fact that leads to the prevalence ofinformal credit sources in agricultural production, especially in rural regions.
The two main focusing topics of the thesis are analyzing the use of credit ofhouseholds in Haiphong city and then determining the factors affecting their creditaccess. Among the sample size of 180 surveyed households, the number ofhouseholds using both formal and informal credit stays highest and followed bythose borrowing from informal credit only. The number of informal-only borrowersis even higher than formal-only borrowers. This description actually enhances thedominant role of informal credit markets in agricultural production. It is risks inagricultural production and high urbanization that make a ageing crisis in farmingand agriculture. The most common age group of farming household heads is 43 to56, accounting for about 58%. Younger people increasingly choose city life or cityjobs rather than farm jobs. Male and female in a family have the same role indeciding to borrow loans. The results of the study state that larger-scale-productionhouseholds demand more credit from both formal and informal credit markets.Similarly, households whose main income from agricultural activities also borrowlarge loan amounts to expand production and then increase their income. Meanwhilethose with main income from non-farm jobs are not going to increase farm income,so they just want to borrow a small credit amount to pay off current expendituresrather than expand production. It is surprising that in the study site, households’ riskaversion on borrowings is also affected by location. In other words, people in someregions find borrowing for agricultural production risky so they do not borrow largeamounts to invest in agriculture. They increase their income by non-farm jobs.
Survey households give many reasons for choosing formal or informal creditsources or both. In addition, their choice of formal lenders or informal lenders aremuch different. Basically, these choices depend on amounts borrowers demand,interest rate offered, loan term, loan application costs or sometimes just thepopularization of the lenders at their location. Households who demand large formalamounts prefer VBARD (Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) orPCFs (People’ Credit Funds) meanwhile those approaching VPSB (Vietnam Bankfor Social Policies) often need smaller amounts. The maximum amount VPSB offersis just 50 million VND meanwhile VBARD and PCF can offer much larger amountsbased on collateral value. The average interest rate of PCFs is highest and it isfollowed by VBARD and VBSP with lowest ones. The branch networks of VBARDand PCFs are much more popular than PCFs. PCFs mainly offer loans to localpeople in the communes they are located.