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Abstract
Vector control in the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau currently relies on pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets. However, data on insecticide resistance in Guinea-Bissau is limited. This study identified deltamethrin resistance in the Anopheles gambiae sensu lato complex on Bubaque island using WHO tube tests in November 2022. Whole genome sequencing of An. gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes identified six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with, or putatively associated with, insecticide resistance: T791M, L995F, N1570Y, A1746S and P1874L in the vgsc gene, and L119V in the gste2 gene. Twenty additional non-synonymous SNPs were identified in insecticide-resistance associated genes. Four of these SNPs were present at frequencies over 5% in the population: T154S, I126F and G26S in the vgsc gene and A65S in ace1. Genome wide selection scans using Garud’s H12 statistic identified two selective sweeps: one in chromosome X and one in chromosome 2R. Both selective sweeps overlap with metabolic genes previously associated with insecticide resistance, including cyp9k1 and the cyp6aa/cyp6p gene cluster. This study presents the first phenotypic testing for deltamethrin resistance and the first whole genome sequence data for Anophelesgambiae mosquitoes from the Bijagós, contributing data of significance for vector control policy in this region.
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Details
1 Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK (GRID:grid.8991.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0425 469X)
2 Projecto de Saúde Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau (GRID:grid.418811.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 9216 2620); Ministério de Saúde Pública, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau (GRID:grid.418811.5)
3 George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St. George’s University of London, Clinical Academic Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, and St, London, UK (GRID:grid.264200.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 8546 682X); Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon (GRID:grid.452268.f); Institut für Tropenmedizin Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (GRID:grid.411544.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0196 8249)
4 Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK (GRID:grid.8991.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0425 469X); Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK (GRID:grid.8991.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0425 469X)