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Abstract
Disparities in surgical outcomes often result from subjective decisions dictated by surgical training, experience, and available resources. To improve outcomes, surgeons have adopted advancements in robotics, endoscopy, and intra-operative imaging including fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS), which highlights tumors and anatomy in real-time. However, technical, economic, and logistic challenges hinder widespread adoption of FGS beyond high-resource centers. To overcome these impediments, we combined laser diodes, Raspberry Pi cameras and computers, off-the-shelf optical components, and 3D-printed parts to make a battery-powered, compact, dual white light and NIR imaging system that has comparable performance to existing bulkier, pricier, and wall-powered technologies. We combined these components with off-the-shelf augmented reality (AR) glasses to create a fully-wearable fluorescence imaging AR Raspberry Pi-based goggle system (FAR-Pi) and validated performance in a pre-clinical cancer surgery model. Novel device design ensures distance-independent coalignment between real and augmented views. As an open-source, affordable, and adaptable system, FAR-Pi is poised to democratize access to FGS and improve health outcomes worldwide.
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1 Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Biophotonics Research Center, Department of Radiology, Saint Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002); Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002)
2 Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Biophotonics Research Center, Department of Radiology, Saint Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002); Washington University in Saint Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9350)
3 Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Biophotonics Research Center, Department of Radiology, Saint Louis, USA (GRID:grid.4367.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2355 7002)
4 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dallas, USA (GRID:grid.267313.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9482 7121)