1. Introduction
Head and neck cancer (HNC) encompasses a heterogeneous group of tumors and continues to remain a significant public health burden worldwide, imposing substantial costs on the health system [1,2]. According to GLOBOCAN, in 2022, the number of new cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx in the Pan-American region was 106,080, and there were 37,256 deaths; projections indicate a progressive increase [3].
Apart from skin and thyroid tumors, approximately 90% of HNC cases are squamous cell carcinomas [4]. Risk factors include exposure to carcinogens from tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption [4]. Increasingly, oropharyngeal tumors are associated with previous infections with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16 [1,4]. HNC can present with a variety of signs and symptoms. Common indicators include persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, lumps in the neck, red or white patches, or oral ulcerations that do not heal. Additionally, patients might experience unexplained weight loss, alterations in their voice, or a persistent cough [1,4,5]. While oral cavity cancers are easily accessible to visual inspection and could be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders [6,7], early detection is hindered partly by the population’s limited awareness about risk factors and associated signs and symptoms extending the help-seeking behavior interval [5,8]. Despite proactive efforts by health professionals to raise awareness through various avenues, such as information materials, verbal guidance, videos, and community media campaigns, all of which have demonstrated effectiveness in increasing knowledge [9], the majority of diagnoses still are made at an advanced stage [10], which increases the risk of locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, treatment failure, high mortality rates, and morbidity, principally in low and middle development countries [4,10].
Public interest in health issues tends to increase if a celebrity is affected by a disease [11,12,13,14,15]. Interest in the study of celebrities began in the last decades of the 20th century and continued to develop in the 21st century [16]. Celebrities (also known as notable people) are usually individuals with some degree of notability and influence in their field of activity [17]. They usually emerge from the entertainment and sports sectors, but different professions also have the power to influence a large number of people [16]. This wide recognition can be used to promote more publicity about the risk factors, signs, and symptoms of HNC [16]. While there are well-documented reports of notable people who died from complications of HNC, such as German Emperor Frederick III, US Presidents Ulysses Simpson Grant and Stephen Grover Cleveland, Austrian father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, Italian composer Giacomo Puccini, baseball star George Herman “Babe” Ruth, and artist Sammy Davis [11,18,19], there is no documentation that any of them were involved in HNC prevention strategies, possibly due to limited knowledge of risk factors at the beginning of the 19th century [11]. In 2011, the announcement of Brazilian President Lula da Silva’s laryngeal cancer diagnosis led to an increase in smoking cessation consultations within a month of media coverage, demonstrating that the HNC of notable people can promote primary prevention [20]. The latter highlights the powerful impact of notable people with lived experiences of HNC who are potential advocates for prevention. Nonetheless, the current scientific landscape is characterized by a lack of studies exploring the health professionals’ perspectives on this topic.
Based on the above considerations, this study aimed to identify notable Pan-American people with HNC and explore senior health professionals’ perspectives on communicating stories of notable patients with HNC to promote prevention.
2. Materials and Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-administered survey distributed among senior health professionals across Pan-American countries. Furthermore, a structured literature review was conducted to identify relevant literature documenting notable individuals with HNC from the Pan-American region.
2.1. Survey
The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Piracicaba School of Dentistry (UNICAMP) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki’s recommendations for research involving human patients (Protocol No. 58068822.1.0000.5418). All participants signed a digital informed consent form before completing the questionnaire.
Participants were recruited by non-probability convenience sampling [21]. Professionals from esteemed national universities and public hospitals across Pan-American countries who were recognized as leaders in Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Clinical Oncology, with experience in research, education, or the treatment of HNC patients were eligible for inclusion. In countries where professionals with these specialties were unavailable, eligibility was expanded to include Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (2, 6.25%) and dentists who do not have postgraduate training (1, 3.1%) with professional experience in the fields of interest. The list of Pan-American countries is provided in Table S1.
Potential participants were identified by contacting national and international Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology organizations (Table S2) or by contacting individually. We extended formal invitations via email to forty-three potential participants across 24 countries in the region, followed by a reminder email three weeks later to improve recruitment. Thirty-two (74.4%) professionals who confirmed their participation received the survey link:
The questionnaire was designed using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) platform (version 13.8.1, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA) to be distributed electronically, ensuring broad participation across the region. To ensure standardization, we opted to use the questionnaire tool in both Spanish and English. This choice aimed to guarantee uniformity in question comprehension, considering the diverse terms that might have varied meanings based on regional distinctions. The questionnaire was validated in the different languages by undergoing translation and back-translation processes. The authors (JM-R, CS-S, LPK, MPC, GAE, AV, and ARS-S) piloted the surveys before distributing them by e-mail. The survey was structured into three sections, as follows: (1) sociodemographic characteristics of the professionals (age, gender, current country of work, profession, level of academic training, and number of patients treated weekly); (2) notable people; and (3) professional perspectives. The question format was designed using categorical options and short answers. File S1 shows the questionnaires used in the study.
Data from the questionnaire were exported and organized categorically in an electronic spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel® software (Microsoft 365®, version 2308, Microsoft Corporation, Washington, DC, USA). A descriptive statistical analysis was applied to summarize the data recorded in all questionnaire sections, using mean values, absolute numbers, and percentages.
2.2. Literature Review
Individual electronic search strategies were conducted on 19 April 2022 and updated on 4 March 2024. The search strategies were done for the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and LILACS, without period restriction. An additional search in the gray literature including Google Scholar, ProQuest, and “Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações, Brazil” was performed to identify publications regarding Pan-American notable people with HNC. The search strategy can be found in Table S3. Subsequently, studies retrieved were imported into the Endnote Web (Endnote Web, Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA) for reference management, where duplicate references were systematically removed. Additionally, the reference lists of all included studies were manually screened to identify further relevant studies.
Publications were included if they met all the following criteria: (1) Publication about Pan-American notable people of any age diagnosed with HNC, defining “notable people” as researchers, physicians, scientists, inventors, journalists, actors, writers, musicians, filmmakers, politicians, activists, revolutionaries, businessmen, and athletes. (2) English, Portuguese, or Spanish language. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) notable people from countries other than the Pan-American region, (2) cancer in anatomical topographies different than head and neck, (3) full text is not indexed, (4) unavailable full text, (5) publication with non-specific localization of cancer, and (6) publications that did not report any notable person.
Following the initial search, two independent reviewers performed the selection in two phases (JMR and MEPO). In the first phase, publications were selected by screening titles and abstracts using online software (Rayyan, Qatar Computing Research Institute, Available online:
Clinical and sociodemographic information for the identified notable HNC characters such as name, gender, occupation, country, anatomical site of cancer, year and age at diagnosis, risk factors, signs, and symptoms before the diagnosis, and participation as spokesperson were collected. The list of notable people was grouped by country. Data collected was tabulated and processed in Microsoft Excel®, and further narrative analysis was performed by descriptive statistics using absolute numbers, as well as percentages.
3. Results
3.1. Survey
3.1.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Professionals
A total of 32 senior professionals from referral centers in 22 Pan-American countries participated in the survey. Table S1 shows the distribution of participating countries. Most of the participants had postgraduate degrees in Oral Pathology (23, 71.9%) and Oral Medicine (17, 53.1%) and treated 1 to 5 HNC patients a week (20, 62.5%). Sociodemographic characteristics are detailed in Table S4.
3.1.2. Notable People Recognized by Professionals
Among the participants, 13 (40.6%) reported knowledge of 1 to 4 notable Pan-American patients with lived experiences of HNC. Their awareness of these cases was mainly through the internet (8, 32.0%), television (8, 32.0%), their own clinical practice (4, 16.0%), and information from friends, colleagues, or relatives (4, 16.0%) (Table S5).
A total of 18 notable people from the United States (5, 27.8%), Brazil (4, 22.2%), Argentina (3, 16.7%), Mexico (2, 11.1%), El Salvador (1, 5.5%), Chile (1, 5.5%), Peru (1, 5.5%), and Colombia (1, 5.5%) were identified from the survey. Of these, 15 (83.3%) were male and 3 (16.7%) were female. Regarding their occupation, artists (8, 44.4%), actors (2, 11.1%), and presidents (4, 22.2%) were the most reported. Table 1 summarizes their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.
3.1.3. Professional Perspectives
The majority of professionals agreed that dissemination of these stories could contribute to reducing risk behaviors (31, 96.9%). Furthermore, all participants (32, 100%) agreed that they can promote early detection of HNC. The communication of stories can primarily be achieved through social media (28, 87.5%), followed by the internet (27, 84.4%) and television (25, 78.1%) (Table 2).
3.2. Literature Review
3.2.1. Selection Process
The search identified 2124 records from the databases, and 448 additional from gray literature. A total of 2572 records were retrieved. In the first phase, 545 duplicates were removed, leaving 2027 to be screened by titles and abstracts. In the second phase, 47 publications that met the inclusion criteria were read as full text to assess eligibility. A total of 12 publications were selected [11,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32], corresponding to 9 articles, 1 letter to the editor, 1 editorial, and 1 obituary. Additionally, three articles from the screened reference list were included. The selection publication process is presented in the flowchart (Figure 1).
3.2.2. Notable People
A total of 24 notable people from the United States (22, 91.7%), Brazil (1, 4.2%), and Argentina (1, 4.2%) were identified. Of these, 20 (83.3%) were male and 4 (16.7%) females. Regarding occupations, actors (9, 37.5%), musicians (6, 25.0%), and athletes (4, 16.7%) were the most identified. Among all, two notable people as spokespersons for cancer were reported. American singer Mary Esther Wells, diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, testified before the US Congress to encourage government funding for cancer research. American former major-league baseball player Bill Tuttle, diagnosed with oral cancer, participated as an anti-spit tobacco champion. Table 3 summarizes notable people data from the publications included.
4. Discussion
This study successfully identified cases of notable individuals with HNC covered by the media or reported in the literature, shedding light on professionals’ positive perspectives regarding the potential role of these individuals in prevention efforts. To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted to identify Pan-American notable people with HNC and explore the perspective of health professionals experienced in HNC concerning the communicating stories of notable HNC patients as a preventive strategy. The data presented in this study represents an important initiative aimed at promoting the use of notable patients’ stories as a novel prevention strategy to be developed and tested in the population.
Notable people from different fields have the potential to influence a large number of laypeople on attitudes and behaviors [16,33]. A study found a positive correlation between high periods of internet searches for the most common types of cancer (e.g., breast, lung, cervix) worldwide and the advertisement of notable people diagnosed with the particular cancer reported in the media [33]. There is evidence to suggest that HNC diagnoses of notable people may promote primary prevention. For instance, in 2011, Brazilian President Lula da Silva’s laryngeal cancer, attributed to smoking, promoted policymakers to enhance the existing aggressive tobacco control agenda [20]. Moreover, there was a significant increase in smoking cessation consultations in the four weeks following the announcement of President Lula’s cancer compared to Brazil’s National No Tobacco Day or World No Tobacco Day [20].
A cross-database of notable people grouped by occupational domains showed that, in decreasing order, culture (30.6%), sports/games (27.7%), leadership (27.0%), and discovery/science (11.9%) were the most popular [17]. These results help explain why artists, athletes, and musicians were the professions most identified among notable people in our study. Regardless of their occupation, when a notable person is affected by a disease, the public interest in the health issue may rise [16].
Communication is essential to raising cancer awareness, disseminating cancer education (e.g., factors risk, signs, and symptoms), and reducing myths and stigma associated with cancer [34]. Large-scale public health communication campaigns through the dissemination of cancer prevention messages related to notable people’s cancer events could be an opportunity for increased awareness [35]. Prevention strategies for HNC mainly involve reducing exposure to risk factors (e.g., tobacco and alcohol consumption) and implementing large-scale HPV vaccination programs in primary prevention for HPV-related cancers [4,6]. Early detection and management are important strategies in secondary prevention, being a critical factor in the prognosis and survival of patients diagnosed with HNC. Early detection of oral cancer may be possible through oral screening due to its accessibility for visual inspection [6]. The signs and symptoms of oral and oropharyngeal cancers can be easily detected during routine clinical exams and include mouth ulcers, swelling, red or white patches, difficulty swallowing, and neck lumps [5]. In the healthcare system, dentists serve as frontline professionals in the diagnostic pathway and are often the first to notice abnormal signs or symptoms of suspicious lesions during regular oral health check-ups [36]. In addition to their diagnostic role, dentists also have the responsibility to refer patients to specialists for further evaluation and treatment. They also play a key role in educating patients about reducing the risk of HNC by promoting tobacco cessation, limiting alcohol intake, and encouraging healthy eating habits [36,37,38]. Nevertheless, patients’ limited awareness of how early and mild cancer symptoms can persist might significantly hinder them from seeking timely assistance [5]. In a previous qualitative study, males who were asked to evaluate advertisements on prostate cancer screening recommended using gender- and age-appropriate models and celebrities as spokespersons to raise awareness [39]. In our study, participants demonstrated a positive perspective on the potential of sharing reported stories of notable patients diagnosed with HNC to promote primary prevention by reducing risky behaviors and encouraging early detection. Most participants responded that stories’ communication can be channeled mainly through social media, followed by the web and television. With the widespread adoption of internet usage among the general population, it has become a significant source of health-related information [40]. Notably, news related to diseases or deaths of notable people attracts much media attention, resulting in increased media coverage, and is shared more frequently on social media [16,41]. Achieving success in social media and communications depends on sharing activities that elevate desirable health messages in people’s online social feeds [42]. Continued publicity regarding notable people’s diagnoses may encourage screening in at-risk populations and even reduce behavior risks [41,43,44].
This is a hypothesis-generating study that might encourage health professionals to motivate notable patients with HNC diagnoses to openly share and discuss their disease based on reliable scientific information to guarantee understanding and avoid spreading misinformation. In addition, findings presented in this paper serve as drivers of hypotheses that warrant more detailed investigation in future research studies, focusing on surveillance and measuring the impact (e.g., quality of information, circulation time, number of citations in social media, internet search, and channels of communication) of increasing public awareness following the transmission of stories of notable people with HNC.
Strengths and Limitations
This study successfully gathers positive insights from health professionals with long-standing experiences in HNC across 22 out of 34 Pan-American countries. This broad representation is encouraging and significantly adds valuable insights to the achievement of the research’s purpose. Although responses were not obtained from all the countries, all of the most populous countries in the region were included. The non-participating countries primarily comprised small Caribbean islands. Our study has some limitations. First, the study was conducted on a small number of senior health participants from each country, thus limiting the generalization of findings to not fully represent the entire country. Second, we did not use a random selection process for target participants, as it was not considered feasible. Instead, we used a convenience sampling method to ensure representation from the Pan-American region. Future research should expand its coverage among health professionals within each country. In addition, there is a limitation in medical literature that is scarce with limited information on the sociodemographic and clinical data of the published notable patients with lived experiences in HNC.
5. Conclusions
This study has successfully identified 18 notable individuals from the health professional survey response and 24 from the literature review, across 8 Pan-American countries. In addition, it provides valuable insights into the perspectives of senior health professionals from 22 Pan-American countries. Most participants expressed a positive perception regarding the potential impact on the population of disseminating stories about notable patients with HNC, leveraging communication strategies that could help to reduce risk behaviors and promote early detection. More studies are needed to further explore the potential of this strategy.
Conceptualization: J.M.-R., C.S.-S., M.E.P.-d.-O., L.P.K. and A.R.S.-S.; formal analysis: J.M.-R., C.S.-S., M.E.P.-d.-O. and A.R.S.-S.; methodology: J.M.-R., C.S.-S., M.E.P.-d.-O., A.G.C.N., L.P.K. and A.R.S.-S.; investigation: J.M.-R., M.E.P.-d.-O. and L.-V.G.-P.; Software: C.S.-S. and A.C.P.-R.; Validation: J.M.-R., C.S.-S., M.P.C., L.P.A.A., A.C.P.-R., L.-V.G.-P., G.A.F., F.J.M.C.-Z., P.A.V., M.A.L., M.A.O.M., V.S., A.V. and A.R.S.-S.; writing-original draft: J.M.-R., C.S.-S. and A.R.S.-S.; supervision: A.R.S.-S.; writing-review & editing: J.M.-R., C.S.-S., M.E.P.-d.-O., A.G.C.N., L.P.K., M.P.C., L.P.A.A., A.C.P.-R., L.-V.G.-P., G.A.F., F.J.M.C.-Z., P.A.V., M.A.L., M.A.O.M., V.S., A.V. and A.R.S.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Piracicaba Schol Dentistry under the number 58068822.1.0000.5418.
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data supporting the findings of this study are available in the
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Footnotes
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Results from survey responses regarding head and neck cancer characteristics of the Pan-American notable people.
| N | Patients Name | Country | Occupation | Approximated Year of Cancer Diagnoses | Type of Cancer | Anatomical Site of Cancer ¶ | Outcome after Diagnosis and/or Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Michael Douglas | US | Actor | - | Carcinoma | Oropharynx HPV-mediated (p + 16) | 1 |
| 2 | Grant Achatz | US | Chef | - | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | Does not know |
| 3 | Stanley Tucci | US | Artist | - | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | 1 |
| 4 | Val Kilmer | US | Actor | - | Carcinoma | Oropharynx HPV-mediated (p + 16) | Does not know |
| 5 | Ebert | US | Writer/Author | - | Carcinoma | Does not know | Death |
| 6 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Brazil | President | 2010 | Carcinoma | Larynx | 1 |
| 7 | Heloisa Pericé | Brazil | Artist | 2018 | Adenocarcinoma | Other § | 1 |
| 8 | Branco Melo | Brazil | Artist | 2019 | Carcinoma | Hypopharynx | 1 |
| 9 | Guilherme Lemos | Brazil | Researcher, artist | 2015 | Carcinoma | Oropharynx HPV-mediated (p + 16) | 1 |
| 10 | René Orlando Houseman | Argentina | Athlete | 2018 | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | Death |
| 11 | Juan Jose Antonio Castelli | Argentina | President | 1810 | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | Death |
| 12 | Gustavo Garzón | Argentina | Artist | 2012 | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | 1 |
| 13 | Roberto D’Aubison | El Salvador | Politician | - | Carcinoma | Larynx | Death |
| 14 | Irma Lozano | Mexico | Artist | - | Carcinoma | Major salivary glands | Death |
| 15 | Lázaro Cárdenas | Mexico | President | 1970 | Melanoma | Other ‡ | 2 |
| 16 | Pablo Krögh | Chile | Artist | 2012 | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | Death |
| 17 | Alberto Fujimori | Peru | President | 1997 | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | 2 |
| 18 | Martha Liliana Ruiz | Colombia | Artist | 2021 | Carcinoma | Lip and oral cavity | 1 |
¶ According to 8th Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. § Minor salivary gland oral cavity. ‡ Skin. 1 After treatment, the disease was controlled. 2 After treatment, the disease recurred (disease persisted).
Assessment of professionals’ perspectives (n = 32).
| Questions | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Communicating reported stories of notable patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer can have a positive impact on the population and promote primary prevention by reducing risky behaviors | |
| Yes | 31 (96.9%) |
| No | 0 (0.0%) |
| Does not know | 1 (3.1%) |
| Does not answer | 0 (0.0%) |
| Communicating reported stories of notable patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer can have a positive impact on the population and promote early detection by encouraging seeking professional care for evaluation | |
| Yes | 32 (100%) |
| No | 0 (0.0%) |
| Does not know | 0 (0.0%) |
| Does not answer | 0 (0.0%) |
| The population’s generated impact by news of cancer diagnoses of notable patients is short-lived | |
| Yes | 11 (34.4%) |
| No | 10 (31.3%) |
| Does not know | 11 (34.4%) |
| Does not answer | 0 (0.0%) |
| Dissemination of information about head and neck cancer in relation to the diagnosis of notable patients can be done by: | |
| Social media | 28 (87.5%) |
| Internet | 27 (84.4%) |
| Television | 25 (78.1%) |
| Educational videos in healthcare centers | 21 (65.6%) |
| Educational lectures in healthcare centers | 20 (62.5%) |
| Newspapers | 20 (62.5%) |
| Educational programs in dentistry schools | 20 (65.5%) |
| Dentists | 17 (53.1%) |
| Radio | 16 (50.0%) |
| Educational campaigns | 15 (46.9%) |
| Educational bulletins | 11 (34.4%) |
| Scientific literature | 11 (34.4%) |
| Health campaigns | 7 (21.9%) |
| Other | 0 (0.0%) |
| Does not know | 0 (0.0%) |
| Does not answer | 0 (0.0%) |
Pan-American notable people diagnosed with head and neck cancer collected from the literature review.
| N | Name | Gender | Occupation | Country | Anatomical Site of Cancer ¶ | Year of Cancer Diagnostic | Age | Signs and Symptoms before Diagnostic | Risk Factor | Spokesperson |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ulysses Simpson Grant | M | President | US | Oral | 1884 | 62 | Odynophagia | Smoking and alcohol consumption | - |
| 2 | Grover Cleveland | M | President | US | Oral | 1893 | 56 | Ulcer on his left hard palate | Smoking and chewing tobacco | - |
| 3 | Babe Ruth | M | Baseball player | US | Nasopharynx | 1946 | 51 | Hoarseness, and left-sided retro-orbital pain | Alcohol and tobacco consumption | - |
| 4 | Jack Klugman | M | Actor | US | Larynx | - | - | - | - | - |
| 5 | Ed Sullivan | M | Television host | US | Oropharynx | - | - | - | - | - |
| 6 | Sammy Davis Jr | M | Singer, dancer, and actor | US | Laryngeal | - | - | - | Smoking and alcohol consumption | - |
| 7 | Mary Esther Wells | F | Singer | US | Laryngeal | - | - | - | Smoking | Yes |
| 9 | Lana Turner | F | Actress and model | US | Throat | - | - | - | - | - |
| 10 | Bill Tuttle | M | Baseball player | US | Oral | - | - | Mouth sore | Smokeless tobacco | Yes |
| 11 | George Harrison | M | The Beatles’ lead guitarist | US | Throat | - | - | - | - | - |
| 12 | Edie van Halen | M | Rock musician | US | Tongue | - | - | - | - | - |
| 13 | Michael Douglas | M | Actor | US | Oropharynx | - | - | - | - | - |
| 14 | Rusell Means | M | Actor | US | Oral | - | - | - | - | - |
| 15 | Val Kilmer | M | Actor | US | Larynx | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16 | William Hanna | M | Animator and cartoonist | US | Larynx | - | - | - | - | - |
| 17 | Khaterine Hepburn | F | Actress | US | Oropharynx | - | - | - | - | - |
| 18 | Jonh Steele | M | Paratrooper | US | Larynx | - | - | - | - | - |
| 19 | Roger Ebert | M | Film reviewer | US | Salivary gland | - | - | - | - | - |
| 20 | Dexter Keith Gordon | M | Jazz musician | US | Larynx | - | - | - | Smoking and alcohol | - |
| 21 | Amanda Blake | F | Actress | US | Throat | - | - | - | - | - |
| 22 | Lon Chaney | M | Actor | US | Throat | - | - | - | - | - |
| 23 | Lula Silva | M | President | Brazil | Larynx | 2011 | - | Smoking | - | |
| 24 | René Houseman | M | Footballer | Argentina | Tongue | - | - | - | - | - |
¶ According to source.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
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Details
; Costa Normando, Ana Gabriela 2 ; Kowalski, Luiz Paulo 3
; Maria Paula Curado 4
; Lady Paola Aristizabal Arboleda 5
; Prado-Ribeiro, Ana Carolina 6 ; González-Pérez, Leonor-Victoria 7 ; Gisele Aparecida Fernandes 4 ; Florence Juana Maria Cuadra-Zelaya 8 ; Vargas, Pablo Agustin 2
; Lopes, Marcio Ajudarte 2
; Magalhaes, Marco A O 9 ; Sankar, Vidya 10 ; Villa, Alessandro 11
; Santos-Silva, Alan Roger 2
1 Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil;
2 Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil;
3 Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-020, Brazil;
4 Group of Epidemiology and Statistics on Cancer, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-020, Brazil;
5 Graduate Program, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-020, Brazil;
6 Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil;
7 Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil;
8 School of Dentistry, University of El Salvador, San Salvador 01101, El Salvador;
9 Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1G, Canada;
10 Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Tufts School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
11 Oral Medicine, Oral Oncology and Dentistry, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA;