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Abstract
Wastewater serves as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study revealed the presence of carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), established clonal relationships among isolates in hospital and municipal wastewater, and identified a high-risk clone in municipal wastewater. A total of 63 isolates of GNB were obtained, with Enterobacterales being the most frequently isolated group (62%). Carbapenemase-producing Lelliottia amnigena, Kluyvera cryocrescens, and Shewanella putrefaciens isolates were documented for the first time in Mexico. The detectableted carbapenemase genes were blaKPC (55%), blaNDM (12%), blaVIM−2 (12%), blaOXA−48 (4%), blaGES (2%), blaNDM−1 (2%), and blaNDM−5 (2%). Clonal relationships were observed among Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. isolates, and remarkably the high-risk clone Escherichia coli ST361, carrying blaNDM−5, was identified. This study demonstrates that wastewater harbours carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing bacteria, posing a public health threat that requires epidemiological surveillance.
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1 Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Microbiología, Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.418275.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 8782); Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Laboratorio de Microbiologia Molecular, Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.419216.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 4473)
2 Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Laboratorio de Microbiologia Molecular, Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.419216.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 4473)
3 Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Microbiología, Mexico City, Mexico (GRID:grid.418275.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2165 8782)