1. Introduction
Consumer habits have changed radically in recent years. First, the COVID-19 virus caused significant changes in spending habits [1]. Instead of in-store transactions, people preferred online transactions, and consumption in restaurants and catering places was also replaced by eating at home. Overall, the expenses of individual households decreased. However, maintaining the status quo also meant that lost spending was reallocated to other products, such as personal items, furnishings, and electronic devices [2]. According to research conducted in the post-COVID-19 period [3], people have returned to pre-COVID habits, and dining out has increased despite rising inflation. The forecast prepared by Statista confirms the constantly increasing expenses [4].
Based on preliminary work [5] that aimed to conduct a keyword analysis of the topic of interest, further research will be applied in the field as a next step. The previous analysis [5] identified the most relevant sources regarding keywords, starting from the first publications to give a conceptual frame for the topic. The prior result gave the direction in which to move on with the two selected keywords, overspending and family budget, as their intersection was not researched. This study expands the topic of interest with the concept of sustainable budget by putting it into a daily context for a more concrete and specialized understanding of Hungarian households. The economic situation that Hungarian households face, like the changing periods of inflation and deflation, presents a huge challenge to maintaining financial stability in families. Regarding the data [6] of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, expenses have risen in recent years, which has caused significant problems for households. Overspending leads to households’ financial issues and results in an unsustainable budget. The meaning of overspending and sustainable budgets is controversial. The former aims to fulfil short-term desires; in contrast, the planning of sustainable budget aims to decrease the waste of financial sources and contributes to finding the balance between short-term expenses and long-term financial goals.
This study has two goals. It first identifies the trend in existing research between 2016 and 2023, including when and on which level the household budget, spending behavior, and sustainability were examined. Secondly, understanding the state-of-the-art scientific approach to the topic provides the knowledge and the methodological toolkit for a deeper analysis of Hungarian households. It only reveals the correlations between overspending and a sustainable household budget, such as the importance of analyzing Hungarian households’ spending habits. The literature analysis shows that existing research uses interviews as a qualitative method to examine financial behavior on the micro level, narrowing it down to households. However, interviews are not used to investigate the daily reasons for overspending concerning the family budget. One of the studies in the existing literature is on how TV advertisements impact young generations’ perceptions of borrowing money [7]. Another study [8] seeks to answer how elite-driven narratives influence consumption. Family budget research was conducted with interviews and focused on how the increased minimum wage affects family relationships [9]. Based on [10], spending decisions are driven by how much people can spend rather than by what they need. The result in [11] was that emotions are crucial in homemaking. They strengthen competition and help people to make better financial decisions. The authors of [12] state that the economic situation influences daily transport practices. Four groups of families were identified based on the interviews: (1) car-centered, (2) car-reduced, (3) public-transport-oriented, and (4) nonmotorized. All of them avoid leisure activities that cost money or free-time activities for which travel costs are high.
Statistics [13] show the same trend in the case of Hungarian families compared to the global measurements [14]. However, growing expenses and consumption do not predict long-term savings for individual families in Hungary. As a result of the research conducted, the gap is derived from the lack of research on the household level in Hungary. Sustainable budgets and overspending on the household level have not been analyzed simultaneously in recent years. During the literature analysis, no studies aiming to investigate Hungarian families’ spending habits were found on the micro level. This paper provides a framework for current research trends and uses methodologies that can be used in further research to dive deeply into the subject by providing empirical results about Hungarian families’ expenses on the micro level.
This study summarizes the research selected from the systematic literature review from several perspectives. First, it defines the keywords so that a deeper analysis can be carried out based on interpretation according to a uniform guideline. Subsequently, the publication frequency for the keywords between 2016 and 2023 is presented. This study also determines the levels at which (micro, meso, macro) and the frequency with which the keywords used in the examined period occur. Finally, this research reveals the methodological differences and similarities between the keywords. At this point, the real gap is formulated, which provides the opportunity to simultaneously research the three keywords with the help of a combined methodology about Hungarian households.
2. Materials and Methods
The existing literature serves as a framework for systematic topic analysis. A well-structured systematic literature methodology was used in the first step to find the relevant literature. Based on previous work’s results [5], the need for research on keywords family budget and overspending serves as a basis for further analysis supplemented by the term sustainable budget. To accomplish the systematic literature review, a structural technique was applied in the first phase in seven different steps based on the PRISMA guidelines [15] within the following criteria: (1) defining the keywords (overspending, family budget, sustainable budget), (2) selecting the database (Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct), (3) the disciplines (Economics and Social Sciences), (4) the language (only English), (5) the year of publication (2016–2023), (6) type of publication (articles), (7) ranking of the journal (SCI ranking: Q1 and Q2). The results are shown in Table 1.
The second phase of the research involved a rigorous process that excluded 2883 pieces: the duplicated ones, the non-English sources, and those outside the range of 2016–2023. Sources were also removed that did not align with the scope of Social Sciences and Economics. This meticulous approach ensures the validity and reliability of our study.
Following this, we meticulously selected 415 sources for title and abstract analysis. Only 89 pieces remained for full paper review. Finally, we identified 52 sources that not only fit entirely within the scope of our study but were also available in full text, ensuring the comprehensiveness of our research.
Figure 1 demonstrates the filtering process and the number of studies processed in this study, containing only the relevant sources [16]. Additionally, snowballing [17] was used for gathering sources to define the keywords and methodologies in the topic. Before proceeding, the keywords needed to be determined to place them in the proper context.
The third phase presents the main research areas and validated research methodologies regarding overspending and family budget. VosViewer software 1.6.20.0.was used to provide visualization about the research network within the chosen papers. The chosen studies, goals, methods, and results are added in Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C. This concept is based on the very detailed qualitative analysis of [18]. An extract from the Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C can be found in Table 2, which summarizes the key factors arising from the use of different methodologies. This serves as a pre-step in meta-analysis based on the systematic literature review.
3. Results
This section can be divided into three subsections. First, the keywords were defined based on the chosen sources. The second part includes their date of publication. The appearance of the chosen keywords on the micro, meso, or macro level served as another frame for demonstration. The third part includes the methodological summary, explaining how the different keywords were approached and the different methods used to study the different levels.
3.1. Keyword Definitions and Their Correlations in the Sources
3.1.1. Overspending
Reference [19] distinguished overspending from compulsive buying in the literature. The authors of that study categorize various dimensions of compulsive consumption, from the extremes that occur due to criminal behavior to an attitude that is considered an undesirable habit. Another study [20] states that the primary motivation behind overspending is collectivism and maintaining the illusion of social prestige. Individuals’ desire to belong to a progressive community and isolate themselves from society’s poor segment is another reason for overspending [21]. Reference [22] proved in their article that people tend to overspend in the present if they have the chance to change their future goal-inconsistent behavior. Canceling a vacation is financially and emotionally costly, but it is recognized that vacations involve overspending, which is most of the time, unfortunately, above people’s means. The general understanding of overspending is as a situation in which the person spends more than their earned money, called income overspending. Expected overspending emerges when people spend more than was calculated based on the same period of the previous year. Credit overspending is s behavior pattern derived from uncontrollable credit usage [23]. Given that the literature from 2016–2022 was used to obtain the newest trends in methodology, this study ignores the previous articles. However, several sources mention O’Guinn and Faber’s Compulsive Buying Scale [24] as one of the research area’s most commonly used and validated scales to research the phenomenon of overspending [25,26,27,28].
3.1.2. Family Budget
Financial behavior and materialism usually occur hand in hand. Materialists perceive money and material goods as the source of happiness. Researchers state that the money attitude evolves in early childhood, and that the available family resources develop later-life materialism [29]. The household’s financial decision-making shapes the family budget and shows the purchasing preferences. The family budget is known as the total net income of the family members. Different families live on different levels; their reference budgets can be differentiated by the cost proportions and purchase intentions for various kinds of goods [30]. Another study [31] discusses the change in consumers’ choices and price awareness below the food budget standard, aiming to provide the minimal level of money that makes it possible to maintain healthy nutrition. Children, who receive allowances and perceive a moderated spending habit in terms of family budget, become more likely to be aware of their savings and budget plans. Financial education shows itself in later-life budget planning [32,33]. On the other hand, negative experiences, like lower family budgets and poverty, appear to be among the several problems that younger adults face, especially when facing stressful financial situations. This sometimes leads to pressure in their relationships [9].
3.1.3. Sustainable Budget
At the national economic (macro) level, the maintenance budget is already an essential factor in planning projects while keeping effects on the environment in mind [34]. Also examined at the corporate (meso) level, budget planning is a vital financial management tool for sustainable development. The size of the budget and the process of creating it may vary by sector, taking into account strategic aspects [35]. Approached from a consumer (micro) perspective, the purchase of longer-life and reused products not only prioritizes sustainability and environmental protection but is also of strategic importance from the point of view of household budgets [36]. By budget constraint, we mean when the consumer is aware of the limits of their spending. This is essential for creating a sustainable budget for households responsible for harmful emissions that can also be measured at the level of the national economy. This is why Zhang et al. [37] draw attention to the more negligible consumption of fast fashion products.
3.1.4. Density Visualization of the Sources
VOS viewer, a precise tool, enables the examination of correlations between different sources. By importing the resources found for the above three keywords (Table 1) from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, we obtained the visualization in Figure 2 and Figure 3. However, it is important to note that the software’s compatibility is limited to files exported from the WoS and Scopus databases, hence our selection. This could potentially introduce bias into our findings, as we may have missed relevant sources from other databases. The terms were used when extracted from the abstract and title with a minimum occurrence of 20. The software intelligently ignored structured abstract labels and copyright statements. Each point in the visualization is color-coded, a key feature that conveys the density of the sources. The default color range, from blue to green to yellow, is a crucial aspect of the representation. The smaller the point’s color, the higher the number of elements near the point and the greater the weight of the adjacent elements. Conversely, the bluer the color of the point, the smaller the number of elements in the neighborhood of a point and the smaller the weight of the neighboring elements. This color range provides a clear understanding of the data distribution. So, in Figure 2 and Figure 3, it can be seen that most of the sources, which were imported into VOS viewer based on the results of the keywords overspending, family budget, and sustainable budget, most frequently and in the most significant proportion used the words marked with larger font size in the areas marked with yellow. This suggests a strong correlation between these keywords and the prevalent themes in the research. In the case of Figure 2, these were the words economic growth, sustainable development, production, emission, household, food, child, and care. These terms indicate a focus on the economic and environmental aspects of household budgeting, with particular attention to child- and care-related expenses. In the case of Figure 3, the most important words were child, family, investment, parent, outcome, household, income, consumption, expenditure, framework, government, spending, and research. These terms suggest a broader scope of research, encompassing various aspects of family budgeting and its impact on different stakeholders. The density of the terms in the found sources correlates strongly with the results found for each keyword in each database, so the item numbers collected in Table 1 are echoed among the terms in Figure 3. Apart from this bias, it is clear that the examination of the budget at the household level is a current topic in the examined research from a sustainability point of view.
3.2. Keyword Analysis
Based on the systematic literature review results, fifty-two sources were chosen for deeper analyses. This section provides the outcomes from the keywords’ perspective. The gap is shown based on the intersection of when the different publications were issued. The gap is not only derived from the need for an actual and updated report of Hungarian households but also from the fact that the keywords were not researched together in Hungary on the micro level in the examined period (2016–2023).
3.2.1. Distribution of Publication Years
The different keywords show different trends based on their frequency of publication. Figure 4 shows that overspending appeared the most as a topic of interest in 2018 and 2021.
Family budget was also popular in 2018. Before the virus, researchers were more interested in how and why families overspend. After the virus, consumer behavior changed, and new schemas appeared. Households tended to save more and focus more on their expenditures [38].
Figure 4 demonstrates that after COVID-19, with the changed consumer behavior, sustainability was put more in focus. None of the analyzed papers dealt with the Hungarian situation. These results led to the conclusion that neither households’ spending behavior nor their sustainable consumption was researched in Hungary after 2020.
3.2.2. Distribution of Keywords on Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels
In these studies, the micro level is identified as the households, the meso level is understood as the corporate level, and the macro level is interpreted as the national economy. Figure 5 provides insight into the fact that sustainable budgeting was only researched at a higher rate on the meso level. On the other hand, overspending and family budgeting were mostly studied on the macro level. During this analysis, no research was found that dealt with Hungarian households in terms of all keywords.
3.3. Methodological Analyses
The first part of the second section discusses methodological differences at the level of different keywords. The second part groups the methodologies based on whether they appear in the analyzed research at the micro, meso, or macro level.
3.3.1. Pre-Step of Meta-Analysis Based on the SLR
Table 2 summarizes which qualitative and quantitative methods were used to research the different keywords in the selected works. It also provides an overview of the key factors that correlate with the researched keywords as a result of different methodological approaches.
It seems clear from the literature analysis that the most commonly used techniques are as follows: (1) choosing the suitable conceptual framework or model from the literature, (2) building hypotheses based on the conceptual model, (3) testing these propositions through surveys and questionnaires that use validated scales from the practice, and (4) applying correlation analysis and further statistical analyses to verify or falsify the hypothesis [20,39,40,41,42]. Beyond the methodology mentioned above, measuring the participants’ brain activity (with fMRI) and pupil dilatation while testing their behavior is already a well-established methodology in neuromarketing [43]. Both quantitative and qualitative data arise from the research, and at this point, fuzzy systems come into the picture because there is no right or wrong answer [44]. The term fuzzy refers to things that are not clear, or that are vague. Fuzzy logic provides valuable flexibility for reasoning. There are intermediate values that are partially true and false. Fuzzy logic does not need significant detailed knowledge of the system; it represents if–then conditions to make the right decision, and must be determined by linguistic rules. Membership values characterize fuzziness; these might be 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, etc., and they are assigned to the absolute truth in a fuzzy system. The boolean system’s truth value 1 is accurate, and 0 is false. Consumer behavior cannot be valued as true or false. It is a gray area; crisp values cannot characterize human nature [45]. Another technological approach is the AI (Artificial Intelligence)-driven VR (Virtual Reality) experience, in which a virtual environment provides interactions between participants and their future selves. The experiment had three measurement points; before the experiment, immediately after the experiment and one week later. The questionnaire included questions that aimed at self-defeating behavior and its tendency. The results show that meeting with the future self in the artificial virtual environment impacted financial decisions positively [46]. Most of the analyzed articles use only quantitative methodologies, such as surveys [47], questionnaires [48], and statistical reasoning [20,22,49]. We found only two articles related to the main topic of overspending. These use narratives as a methodology to analyze consumer behavior. Reference [8] calls attention to the negative side of narratives when they spread throughout society, even if derived from the upper level. The authors of that study analyze the moral implications of elite-driven narratives, including how they cause negative feelings and inspire unaware people to change their spending habits: “When asked where the billions of public money had gone, Greek deputy prime minister Theodoros Pangalos responded, ‘We ate it all together.’ Indeed, former Greek premier Papandreou persisted with a narrative of joint dysfunction endemic to the Greek nation: ‘our basic problem is systemic corruption’” [8] (p. 458). Another study [7] launched personal narratives as the research methodology. Three credit advertisements were used to gather information on how the participants perceived the process of obtaining money. The interviews showed that the impact of advertisements on young generations is significant; these generations were born in the world of credit, so borrowing money seems quick and easy for them.
The inequality between qualitative and quantitative methods can be established by comparing the results to the overspending methodologies. Researchers are more likely to use household budget analyses [50,51] and surveys [52,53,54,55] conducted by econometric models [56,57,58], income distribution analyses [59], and statistical analyses [60]. These serve as a framework to determine the socioeconomic context and analyze the inequalities in incomes and money distribution in different nations [32,49,51,53,59]. The lack of qualitative methods arises after the methodological gap analysis. Interviews, experiments [42], and case studies [61,62] were used when a financial tool was applied, and measurements of its effect were in the corpus of the research [9,30]. The personal narrative appears when modeling the reference budget [30], investigating the different family type preferences, and researching the relationship between emotions and financial investment in a new home [11,12].
The above-presented summary provides the methodological gap and the opportunity to analyze households’ budgets on the micro level, but it also shows what the existing research concluded in terms of the factors that play a role in overspending, family budgets, and sustainable budgets. Researching overspending through quantitative methods sheds light on the correlations between impulse buying and overspending. Evaluating different shopping missions within a family was another output of the surveys, including the income inequalities that econometric models can measure. Lack of motivation also plays a crucial role in overspending, which was proven through questionnaires. The fMRI measurements showed that credit card usage negatively influences our spending tendencies. The time taken to considering our needs before shopping was identified, as validated by interviews, experiments, and narrative analyses.
Simulations and interviews show a correlation between income level and balanced family budgets. The reference budget can be calculated based on household budget analysis and focus group discussions with different family types. Other quantitative methods, such as econometric models, surveys, and statistical analyses, measured the effects of changes in different psychological factors, such as stress, self-control, and consumer sentiment, on households’ financial decisions. Experiments were conducted on how working at a young age can develop self-control regarding economic behavior. At the same time, ethnographic research showed the play of emotions and how important a stable and supportive family background is to developing mature financial decisions in adulthood.
While sustainable budgeting has been predominantly researched at the macro and meso levels, the findings from statistical analyses at the company level underscore the need for further research. The use of qualitative methods to study the impact of stress on long-term decisions and durable product choices, as well as the call for marketers to educate consumers about sustainability, highlight the urgency and importance of this topic. This research paves the way for future studies that can delve deeper into these issues and provide more comprehensive solutions.
3.3.2. Distribution of Methodologies on Different Levels
Figure 6 shows how the different methodologies are distributed at the household individual [63,64], company [34,65], and national economy [66,67,68] analysis levels. Primarily, quantitative methods were used at the macro level, but case studies, literature reviews, and experiments also appeared as qualitative methodologies. At the meso level, reviews and analyses based on mathematical methods were typical. At the micro level, the methodologies are represented by quantitative questioning, simulation, qualitative narrative analysis, VR experiments, and individual and group interviews.
4. Discussion
This study was meticulously designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the available research between 2016 and 2023 on overspending and family and sustainable budgets. This was achieved through a rigorous and repeatable systematic literature review, which screened thousands of studies based on stringent criteria. This extensive screening process selected fifty-two studies as the foundation for the presented analysis. The review process began with defining all the keywords, followed by assessing their publication frequency and focus levels (micro, meso, macro). The approach to keywords was then determined based on methodology, ensuring a thorough and reliable review. Overspending was the most frequently researched keyword, followed by family budget, and sustainable budget was at the bottom of the ranking. The keywords were mainly analyzed on the macro level, and no research was found that detailed Hungarian households’ spending habits in the chosen period of 2016 and 2023. Based on the methodological analysis, qualitative methods were the most frequently used to determine consumers’ attitudes toward their finances.
Interviews, focus groups, and narrative analyses helped the researchers catch the consumer’s voice and identify the behavior schemas characteristic of the chosen nation—quantitative methods served as the statistical comparison between incomes and expenses. Concerning the economic situation, namely the continuous price changes in groceries that impact the whole world, a specified and Hungary-focused empirical analysis would provide a more detailed picture of how increasing expenses burden households’ budgets. Since the literature does not include any information about Hungarian families but gives insights into global trends and which methodology serves to measure household spending habits, this study contributes as a framework to prepare a further analysis. Based on the presented results, the gap draws attention to the neglect of the topic in the Hungarian context. The lack of empirical data on Hungarian households shows the need for location-specific research that provides information about how households apply sustainable financial strategies. In Hungary, it is still taboo to discuss household finances and savings. This study identifies the methodologies used in existing research that provide a possible solution to identifying Hungarians’ financial decisions instead of targeting them with direct questions on how and what they spend.
Increasing food prices burden family finances and strengthen the importance of a sustainable budget. This offers the opportunity to develop a new approach based on combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Developing this method and examining Hungarian households could be a research opportunity in the future. From a methodological point of view, using quantitative methods is indispensable for determining the income levels of different family types and comparing them to their expenses. From an environmental perspective, the impact of consumption habits can also be measured by analyzing consumer baskets. The toolbox offered by qualitative methodologies allows families to provide first-hand information about their consumption habits through a conversation. During interviews and focus group discussions, Hungarian households can share their financial decision-making processes, including narratives about overspending behavior. Developing qualitative and quantitative methods can supplement each other. It might be a recommended for future research to determine whether Hungarians overspend and produce a cultural framework by understanding their behavior.
The limitations of this research result from the overly limited scope of interest. More resources are needed to analyze households’ spending habits, and the significant narrowing of disciplines also limits availability. This study requires a comparison analysis on the country level and empirical results. It only focuses on the existing headline trends regarding the research frequency of keywords and methodologies. However, the results show that not only Hungarian households are required to implement a planned and sustainable financial strategy. An international comparison might help to understand how a global sustainable financial strategy could be implemented on the household level by considering social and cultural differences.
5. Conclusions
This research aimed to reveal the gap in the existing literature regarding sustainable household budgets and shed light on the importance of analyzing Hungarian household spending habits. The theoretical frame of a budget analysis was formed by examining the frequency of keywords such as overspending, family budget, and sustainable budget, as well as methodological peculiarities. This required several levels of analysis. In the first round, the keywords in the articles were selected through the systematic literature review and were analyzed using VOS viewer software. Based on the analysis of the frequency of the keywords, we identified the most important research directions and trends, which we examined within the theoretical framework of the budget analysis. Subsequently, the filtered research was analyzed based on the publication year and the level at which the study was carried out. The studies focused on the national (macro), corporate (meso), and, perhaps, the household (micro) level. In the third step, the focus was on the methodology used to examine each keyword.
Rising expenses and prices shape consumers’ spending habits; short-term financial plans do not contribute to a sustainable budget and reducing waste. Many studies were conducted after COVID-19 that measured how the virus impacted the sustainable consumption of households. One of them [69] examined the financial situation of Polish rural and urban households between 2018 and 2022. Incomes, expenses, savings, and fixed expense ratios were analyzed separately, and a synthetic index was created using the TOPSIS method. Measures introduced by the government have protected incomes from falling, although consumption has fallen sharply and rural–urban financial disparities persist. The research aims to develop strategies for future crises to support sustainable development. Another study [70] examined the change in food waste in Italian households during the COVID-19 lockdown (March–April 2020). According to that research, households threw away less food during the closures than in the period before the epidemic. The results showed that younger consumers and those who introduced better food management habits (e.g., making a shopping list and meal planning) significantly reduced food waste. Shopping difficulties also contributed to more conscious food consumption. Not only was the change in sustainability attitudes researched, but also the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the financial situation of households in CEE countries, with a particular focus on changes in savings. The research examines the factors influencing financial decisions, including willingness to take on debt and borrowing needs. The economic uncertainty of the pandemic has led many to use their savings to finance larger purchases instead of taking out loans, the study found [71]. Other research [72] supports this theory and analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumer credit market in the Visegrad Four (V4: Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary). The research uses time series and linear regression methods and finds that the pandemic affected household borrowing decisions and debt levels in these countries.
Four years after the appearance of COVID-19, in the first quarter of 2024, retail loans in Hungary amounted to HUF 552 billion, which was 71% higher than in the same period of the previous year. The increase was mainly due to the annual expansion of housing loans and baby loans by 130 and 60%, respectively, but a 48% increase was also observed in the case of personal loans. Compared to the same period of the previous year, the number of home loan contracts concluded in the first quarter rose more modestly (45%), meaning that increased loan amounts supported the significant increase in volume [73].
Ernst and Young’s study shows that Hungary has experienced continuous inflation since 2022. According to Eurostat data, in March this year, Hungary had the highest rate of price increases in the EU (25.6%). Unsurprisingly, according to our survey, price became the focus of consumer decisions. Consumer loyalty is undergoing a significant shift. A quarter of consumers still purchase their previous favorite products, albeit in reduced quantities. However, this loyalty has weakened, with 34% expressing a willingness to switch to a competitor offering similar quality at a lower price. Furthermore, 17% are increasingly opting for store-brand products. In comparison, only 13% continue to buy their favorites in the usual quantity, and a mere 4% buy proven goods in larger quantities than before. Four out of five people consciously try to reduce their expenses, which is why point-collecting campaigns and promotions are viral among them. People spend the same amount as before on medicines, internet and mobile subscriptions, food, heating and hot water, and smartphones, i.e., the means of subsistence. On the other hand, they save energy at home, and increasing numbers of people have their broken items repaired instead of buying new ones [74].
As a result of this research, it is clear that the analysis of the sustainable household budget is neglected in Hungary. Identifying Hungarian households’ budget planning and financial decision-making might help draw a comparison between countries and identify the main changes since COVID-19. It might lead to an internationally acceptable financial strategy that contributes to maintaining a stable budget on the household level. Further research requires the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Personal discussions help to identify households’ financial thinking and spending habits. At the same time, the use of statistical analyses makes it possible to reveal the imbalances between incomes and expenses and compare them to those in other countries, which supports the practical implications of a sustainable budget strategy.
It is crucial to recognize the shared responsibility of policymakers and financial institutions in shaping sustainable spending habits. While most banks offer expense tracking tools in their applications, these alone do not lead to reduced expenses. Governments and financial institutions must take proactive steps to influence a change in spending behavior and promote targeted education. By providing necessary education and making sustainable products more accessible, consumers can be empowered to spend less and be more sustainable.
Conceptualization, T.V. and B.E.-B.; methodology, T.V. and B.E.-B.; validation, T.V. and B.E.-B.; formal analysis, T.V.; investigation, T.V.; resources, T.V.; data curation, T.V.; writing—original draft preparation, T.V.; writing—review and editing, T.V. and B.E.-B.; visualization, T.V.; supervision, B.E.-B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
This review used available research data.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Footnotes
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart of included articles. (See details in Supplementary Materials).
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Density visualization of sources from Web of Science. Created by VOS viewer.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. Distribution of keywords on the micro, meso, and macro level (own edition).
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. Distribution of methodologies on the micro, meso, and macro level. Created by Canva (own edition).
Summary of publications.
| WoS | Scopus | Science Direct | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 129 | 2474 | 696 |
| Overspending | 68 | 47 | 212 |
| Family budget | 41 | 1101 | 79 |
| Sustainable budget | 20 | 1326 | 405 |
Pre-step of meta-analysis based on the SLR.
| Quantitative | Key Factors | Qualitative | Key Factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overspending | statistical analysis | impulse buying | interview | short time for shopping |
| Family budget | household budget analysis | reference budget | focus group | reference budget |
| Sustainable budget | household budget analysis | lack of trust, information, and sources | interview | handling of distress |
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
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1 Doctoral Program in Business Administration Sciences, Kautz Gyula Faculty of Business and Economics, Széchenyi István University, 9026 Győr, Hungary
2 Department of Leadership and Marketing, Széchenyi István University, 9026 Győr, Hungary;